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Repression - Coggle Diagram
Repression
Censorship
Alex II
- Glasnosts (openness)
- censorship relaxed in 1865, resulted in an increase of publishments (1020 books in 1855 to 1836 in 1864)
-Alex III reactionary resulted in a clampdown on publication
Nic II
- reverted back to glasnost
- expansions to the press in 1894
- deiscusssions in the Duma began to be reported on in print, although some details were occasionally changed
WW1
- most troops gained news form foreign broadcasts
- one of the Bolsheviks format orders was to abolish freedom of the press in order to suppress counter revolutionaries
- schools, cinemas, radio and libraries were all under surveillance
Stalin
- censorship increased
- by 1932 all literacy groups closed down
- writer had to join the Inion of Soviet writers and all work was approved by the party
- rebels were arrested and exiled to labour camps or executed
Khrushchev
- censorship eased
- by the late 1950s nearly 65,000 books were being published each year
(Double the number in the 1920s)
- newspaper readership of 60 million by early 1960s
Role of the army
Key points
-Nic II used the to deal with strikes and protests (1905, February 1917
- Bolsheviks used troops to deal with protest after their seizure of power November 1917
- importance of red Army in the civil war
- carried out the purges but were also victims (40% of high ranking officer)
Lenin
- encourages soldiers to join the Military revolutions Committee (MRC) which becomes a vanguard for the revolution
- during the October revolution MRC and the Red guard seized power from Kerensky
- once Bolsheviks were in control they deployed military to consolidate power
- the Red Army was vital during the civil war (by the end they had 5 million conscripts compared to 500,000 with the opposition)
- still faced problems with rebellion (Feb 1921, sailors mutinied at Kronstadt)
Stalin
- used military to implement economic policies
- red army used for collectivisation
- helped administer purges
- Starlin removed a number of key military figures in the great purge (40%)
WW2
- resulted in huge military casualities
- when Krushchev came to power the military were more focused on resolving international conflict
- led to reduction in army site from 3.6 m to 2.4m
State
Repression
Tsars
- Oppostion activities reduced during Alex II reign
- 1880 Okhrana introduced after populist uprisings
- Alex III used it as a tool to spy, arrest, imprison and exile opposition
- Their activity increased will the SR and SD grew
- between 1855 and 1917 1 million prisoners and their families were deported
Prov Gov
- disbanded the Okhrana and established the Cheka in 1917
- they dealt with counter revolutionaries
- used terror to victimise people based on who they were and not just their actions unlike previous secret police groups
- implemented the red teroor under Trotsky
- enforced war communism and eliminating kulaks
- disbanded after the civil war
Stalin
- set up the NKVD in 1934 which created a permanent form of terror
- helped administer gulags (40 million were sent to concentration camps)
- the great purge 1936-38 (up to 3 million deaths and removed dissenters from the party)
Why?
- needed to forced collectivisation 1932-33
- wanted to remove internal opposition
- fear of social disorder
MVD
- 1943-54
- Miliotary failures were blamed on internal sabotage or traitors
- mass executions on returned prisoners and populations
- the Leningrad affair
- Jews were targeted (the doctors plot 1953)
Properganda
Nic II
- value of Tsarism reinforced by the Orthodox church
- had a much grander coronation in 1896 than previous tsars, deeply religious service, ended in a stampede with 4000 deaths
- 1913, tercentenary of Romanov Rule in Russia which celebrated the royal family and their god given right to autocracy
Bolsheviks
- Bolsheviks slogans (‘Peace, bread, and land’
- Bolshevik newspaper- Pravda
- 1918 removed statues of tsars
- renamed Petrograd to Leningrad
- used literature and social culture to spread messages
- followed the theme of new soviet man and the importance of hard work
Stalin
- the cult of personality
- pressed as the father of nations
- renamed Tsaritsyn to Stalingrad
- slogan ‘Stalin is the Lenin of today’
used newspapers to promote five year plans