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Mae Stansbury, Period 5: Cardiovascular System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Small diameter cells that contribute to gas transport; biconcave disc shape, anucleate, no organelles, filled with hemoglobin
      - Dedicated to respiratory gas transport, hemoglobin binds reversibly with oxygen
      - Hematopoiesis: formation of all blood cells
      - Erythropoiesis: formation of Red Blood cells
      - occurs in red bone marrow
    - - White Blood Cells are also known as leukocytes
      - Granulocytes: have visible cytoplasmic granules; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
      - Agranulocytes: don't have visible cytoplasmic granules; lymphocytes and monocytes
      - Leukopoiesis: production of WBC and is stimulated by 2 chemical messengers (interleukins and colony-stimulating factors)
      - Platelets: fragments of larger megakaryocyte; involved in blood clotting process; form temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels; formation is regulated by thrombopoietin
      - Hemostasis: fast series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding; 3 steps: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation
    - - straw-coored sticky fluid; over 100 dissolved solutes like gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes, proteins, inorganic ions; proteins are most abundant
- - - - Parietal layer: lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium
      - Visceral layer: aka epicardium) on external surface of heart
- - - - Great cardiac veins of anterior interventricular sulcus
      - Middle cardiac veins in posterior interventricular sulcus
      - Small cardiac veins from inferior margin
- - - - Tunica Intima: innermost layer that is in "intimate" contact with blood; endothelium simple squamous epithelium that lines lumen of all vessels; subendothelial layer of connective tissue basement membrane
      - Tunica media: middle layer composed mostly of smooth muscle and sheets of elastin; sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers innervate this layer controlling vasoconstriction and vasodilation; bulkiest layer responsible for maintaining blood flow and blood pressure
      - Tunica external: outermost layer of wall; aka tunica adventitia; composed mostly of loose collagen fibers that protect and reinforce wall and anchor it to surrounding structures; infiltrated with nerve fibers, lymphatic vessles
- - - - P wave: depolarization of SA node and atria
      - QRS Complex: ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
      - T wave: ventricular repolarization
      - P-R interval: beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
      - S-T segment: entire ventricular myocardium depolarized
      - Q-T interval: beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
- - - - Systolic pressure: pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction
      - Diastolic pressure: lowest level of aortic pressure when heart is at rest
      - Pulse: throbbing of arteries due to difference in pulse pressures which can be felt under skin
    - - Wrap cuff around arm superior to elbow
      - Increase pressure in cuff until it exceeds systolic pressure in brachial artery
      - Pressure is released slowly and examiner listens for sounds of korotkoff with a stethoscope
    - - Muscular pump: contraction of skeletal muscles "milks" blood back toward heart; valves prevent backflow
      - Respiratory pump: pressure changes during breathing move blood toward heart by squeezing abdominal veins as thoracic veins expand
      - Sympathetic venoconstriction: under sympathetic control, smooth muscles constrict, pushing blood back toward heart