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Rita Lomeli per 5 : Cardiovascular system - Coggle Diagram
Rita Lomeli per 5 : Cardiovascular system
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other important substances to cells and organs in the body.
. Blood is the life sustaining transport vehicle of the cardiovascular system
. It maintains the body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat , it also maintains normal ph using buffers; alkaline verserve of bicarbonate ions
. Maintains an adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system
. Prevents blood loss and infections
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
ECG- Heart depolarizes and contracts without nervous system stimulation, although
Rhythm can be altered by autonomic nervous system
. coordination heartbeat is a function of : intrinsic cardiac conduction system - network
Of noncontractile ( autorhythmic) cells- initiate and distribute impulses to coordinate
Depolarization and contraction of heart
. Sinoatrial node- the pacemaker of the heart in right atrial wall
.Atrioventricular node - inferior interatrial septum
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Electrocardiography - can direct electrical currents generated by the heart
. electrocardiogram- is a graphic recording of electrical activity
Main features- p wave depolarization of SA node and Atria- QRS complex- ventricular
Depolarization and atrial repolarization - T wave- ventricular repolarization- PRinter
Val - beginning of a trial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation - S-T segment-
Entire ventricular myocardium depolarized- Q-T interval-
Beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
Diastole- period of heart relaxation systole- period of heart contraction - cardiac cycle-
Blood flow through heart during one complete heartbeat
Heart sounds: two sounds associated with closing of heart valves . first sound is closing
Of AV valves at the beginning of ventricular systole. Second sound is closing of SV
Valves at the beginning of the ventricular diastole.
Layers of the heart
. There are three layers of the heart wall
Epicardium: The visceral layer of the serous membrane
Myocardium- Circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells
Endocardium- innermost layer; is continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels , it also lines the chambers.
Surface features- coronary sulcus( atrioventricular groove)- anterior interventricular sulcus. Anterior position of interventricular septum.
Posterior interventricular sulcus- landmark on posterior surface.
Coverings of the heart- Pericardium: double walled sac that surrounds the heart made up of two layers
Deep two- layered serous pericardium
Parietal layer- lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium
Visceral layer ( epicardium) on external surface of heart; two layers separated by fluid- filled pericardial cavity( decreased friction)
Blood flow through the heart and body
Deoxygenated blood from the body travels into superior and inferior vena cava and
Empties into the right atrium- through tricuspid valve- into right ventricle- through the
Pulmonary semilunar valve- pulmonary trunk- right and left pulmonary arteries to lungs
Were it converts into oxygenated blood then travels to right and left pulmonary veins-
Left atrium- through mitral/ bicuspid valve , left ventricle - through aortic semi- lunar
valve , and to the aorta/ back again to the body.
Mayor components and functions of blood
Types of connective tissue
. Erythrocytes- located at the bottom; they hold 45% of whole blood( Hematocrit)( Red blood cells, RBCs), they are dedicated to the respiratory gas transport
Leukocytes/ Platelets- thin layer located between erythrocytes and plasma hold (1%)( buffy coat)
Plasma- on top (55%)
Hematopoiesis- the formation of blood
Erythropoiesis- formation of red blood cells( occurs in the red bone marrow)/ hormonal control
Hemoglobin- binds reversibly with oxygen
Functions- delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the body cells, transporting and metabolic wastes to lungs/ kidneys for elimination; transportation of hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types
(arteries, veins, capillaries)
**
Blood vessels- delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at the heart
. Arteries - carry blood away from the heart; oxygenated except for pulmonary
Circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus
.Capillaries- direct contact with tissue cells; directly serve cellular needs
. Veins- carry blood toward heart; deoxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and
Umbilical vessels of fetus
. All vessels consist of a lumen, central blood- containing space, surrounded by a wall
Tunica externa( outermost layer)
.Arteries are divided into three groups, based on size and function- elastic arteries
Give rise to muscular arteries
Arterioles are the smallest of all the arteries - they change diameters change
Resistance to blood flow
capillaries - exchange gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc…, between blood
And interstitial fluid
. Capillary bed- interwoven network of capillaries between arterioles and venules.
.Veins - carry blood toward the heart; the formation begins when capillary beds
Unite in postcapillary venules
Larger venules- have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells - venous valves-
Prevent backflow of blood - venous sinuses- flattened veins with extremely thin
Walls
ABO, Rh blood types
Type A: Red blood cells have the A antigen.
Type B: Red blood cells have the B antigen.
Type AB: Red blood cells have both A and B antigens.
Type O: Red blood cells have neither A nor B antigens.
ABO blood groups- based on presence or absence of two agglutinogens ( A and B) on surface of RBCs; blood may contain preformed anti- A or anti- B antibodies ( agglutinins)
Anatomy of the heart (including all chambers, and valves)
The pulmonary and systemic circuits - heart is a transport system consisting of two side- by- side pumps.
The right side receives oxygen- pumps blood to lungs to get rid of deoxygenated blood via pulmonary circuit.
Left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs/ pumps blood to body tissues via systemic circuit.
Receiving chambers of the heart- Right atrium: receives blood returning from systemic circuit. The Left atrium: receives blood returning from the pulmonary circuit
The pumping chambers of the heart are the right ventricle which receives blood returning from the pulmonary circuit and the left ventricle which pumps blood through systemic circuit
Chambers and associated great vessels- internal features: two superior atria, and two inferior ventricles - interatrial septum- separates atria, interventricular septum- separates ventricles
Ventricles are the discharging chambers and they make up most of the volume of the heart. The right ventricle is most of the anterior surface , and the left ventricle is the more posterior/ inferior surface of the heart.
Ventricular walls- papillary muscles project into the ventricular cavity - anchor chordae tendineae that are attached to heart valves.
.Atrioventricular valves- prevent backflow into atria when ventricles contract- tricuspid valve ( right AV valve) mitral valve( left AV valve)
Heart valves- ensure one way blood flow through heart and prevents backflow of blood
Atrioventricular valves- located between atria and ventricles - semilunar valves- located between ventricles and major arteries . They prevent backflow from major arteries back into ventricles.
Major blood
vessels (names arteries and veins
Arteries carry blood away from your heart.
Veins carry blood back toward your heart.
Capillaries, the smallest blood vessels, connect arteries and veins.
Veins bring blood to the right side of your heart.
Pulmonary arteries carry the blood to your lungs, where it receives oxygen.
Pulmonary veins move the oxygen-rich blood to the left side of your heart.
The aorta (the main artery in your body) carries the blood from the left side of your heart to the rest of your body through many branches of arteries.
Capillaries have thin walls that allow oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide and waste products to pass through, to and from the tissue cells.
Veins then carry the blood back to your heart, and the process begins again.
Vital signs (BP and Pulse)
.Blood pressure is the force of your blood against the walls of your blood against the
Walls of your arteries. ( the pressure in the arteries as the heart pumps)
. A pulse is the number of heartbeats per minute. Your heart's electrical signals, nervous
System, hormonal changes, physical activity levels etc.
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Arrhythmia: Problem with your heart’s electrical conduction system, which can lead to abnormal heart rhythms or heart rates.
Valve disease: Tightening or leaking in your heart valves (structures that allow blood to flow from one chamber to another chamber or blood vessel).
Coronary artery disease: Problem with your heart’s blood vessels, such as blockages.
Heart failure: Problem with heart pumping/relaxing functions, leading to fluid buildup and shortness of breath.
Pericardial disease: Problem with the lining of your heart, including pericarditis and pericardial effusion.
Cerebrovascular disease: Issue with the blood vessels that deliver blood to your brain, such as narrowing or blockages.
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): Blockage in your veins, vessels that bring blood back from your brain/body to your heart.
Peripheral artery disease: Issue with the blood vessels of your arms, legs or abdominal organs, such as narrowing or blockages.
Aortic disease: Problem with the large blood vessel that directs blood from your heart to your brain and the rest of your body, such as dilatation or aneurysm.
Congenital heart disease: Heart issue that you’re born with, which can affect different parts of your heart.