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Earths fury. - Coggle Diagram

- - - - hard outer shell
      - bouyant
      - variable thickness
      - variable composition
      - continental crust
        
        10-70 KM thick
        
        granitoid
        
        thick and very light
        
        volcanic arches
      - oceanic crust
        
        8-10 KM thick
        
        basalt
        
        thin and very dense
        
        base of the ocean
      - plate boundaries
        
        convergent plate boundaries
        
        Continental continental
        
        mountain building
        
        NO subduction
        
        continental oceanic
        
        Subduction
        
        volcanic activity
        
        oceanic oceanic
        
        subduction
        
        volcanic activity
        
        divergent plate boundaries
        
        plates sepreate
        
        mid Atlantic ridge
        
        transform faults
        
        move past eachother
        
        major earthquakes
    - - 3488KM thick
      - peridotite
      - mantle convection
        
        heat moves with material
        
        material bust be able to move
        
        mantle and asthenosphere
    - - 2883KM radius
      - made of Fe+Ni
  - - - ~ 100 KM thick - ~200KM beneath continents
      - very brittle
    - - ~ 250 KM thick
      - soft plastic
      - solid rock but soft and flows
    - - ~2500 KM thick
      - stiff plastic
      - solid rock, still capable of flow
    - - 2250 KM thick
      - liquid
      - convects
      - Fe+Ni
    - - 1230 KM thick
      - solid
      - Fe+Ni
  - - - unstable radioactive atoms decay
      - isotopes
      - releases energy
    - - reaches the earth from the sun
      - 99.987% of energy recieved by earth
      - ~40% automatically reflecting
    - - small bodies hitting earths surface
      - connecting energy of motion into heat
    - - center mass pulled small by gravity
      - gravitational pull and energy released into heat
- - - - Smooth and ropey lava
    - - rough and blocky
  - - - broken up fragments of magma
  - - - high viscosity is thick
        
        more silicon
        
        more crystals
      - Low viscosity is thin and liquid
        
        high temp
  - - - looks like rolos
      - loose material (cinder)
      - high viscosity
      - high volatiles
      - small volumes
      - mafic
    - - shallow slopes
      - wide diamater
      - low viscosity
      - low volatile content
      - high volume
      - effusive
      - mafic
    - - steep slopes
      - very symmetrical
      - high viscosity
      - high water and volatile content
      - explosive
      - small volume
      - intermediate
    - - Volcanic pimples
      - effusive
      - tiny volume
      - high viscosity
      - low volatiles
      - felsic
    - - huge volume
      - explosive
      - felsic
      - big Big hole
  - - - short period seismic waves
      - long period seismic waves
      - magma is moving
    - - Water
      - steam
      - HCL
      - HF
      - CO2
    - - how much the ground inflates over time
      - tilt meters
      - how the magma shifts the ground
      - LiDAR ground levels
- - - - easily observable
      - not always reliable
        
        multiple colors of quartz
        
        caused by different impurities
    - - color of the minerals powdered form
    - - how the surface reacts to light
      - metallic
      - non metallic
        
        silky
        
        glassy
        
        satiny
        
        pearly
        
        resinous
        
        earthy
        
        brilliant
    - - how easy it is to scratch it
      - mohs harness scale
    - - how the mineral grows
    - - how the mineral breaks
      - breaks alone smooth flat surfaces
    - - how a mineral breaks
      - breaks into irregular shapes
      - shatters
- - - - Fault
        
        A fracture in the earth which 2 sides move relative to eachother
        
        dip/slip faults
        
        moves along a vertical slip
        
        Normal
        
        caused by a pulling force
        
        hanging wall moves down relative to the foot wall
        
        divergent boundaries
        
        reverse
        
        caused by pushing force
        
        hanging wall moves up relative to foot wall
        
        convergent boundaries
        
        strike slip faults
        
        Move horizontally
        
        right lateral fault
        
        dexteral fault
        
        Opposite slip moves to the right
        
        left lateral fault
        
        slip moves to the left
        
        oblique slip faults
        
        both faults combined
        
        hanging and foot wall
      - built up of stress
  - - - sediments originally deposit horizontally
    - - each layer is younger then the one below it
    - - sediment layers are conintuous
    - - Younger features cross cut older features
  - - - detect earthquakes
    - - record earthquake waves
- - - - primary effects
        
        occurs as a result of the event
        
        water damage from flooding
        
        building collapses due to EQs
      - secondary effects
        
        only occurs because of primary effect
        
        fires ignite from EQs
        
        power outage due to EQs
      - tertiory
        
        long term effects
        
        loss of habitat
        
        permanat change of the earths
      - vulnerability
        
        how a disaster effects humans
        
        proximety to event
        
        population Density
        
        scientific understanding of the event
        
        public education
        
        building codes
        
        poverty
        
        Early warnings
        
        high probability statements
        
        timeless of the warning
        
        effectivness communications
        
        credibility of the source
        
        warning=happening
        
        watch= might happen
    - - Oil toxic material spills
      - pollution
      - massive automobile crashes
      - train wrecks
      - air plane crashes
      - human induced explosions
      - Technological disasters
  - - - EQ
      - volcanic eruptions
      - tsunami
      - landslides
      - subsidence
      - floods
      - droughts
      - asteroid impacts
      - Geological disasters/ hazards
        
        Rapid hazards
        
        little to know previous knowledge
        
        comes out of no where
        
        EQs
        
        volcanic eruptions (sometimes)
        
        tsunami
        
        landslides
        
        slow hazards
        
        A long event leasing up to event
        
        drought
        
        hazard assessment
        
        when/where the hazardous process has occured
        
        the severity of the physical effects in the past
        
        frequency of hazardous processes occurring
        
        likley effects of a process of a given magnitude
        
        Predictions
        
        probability that an event will occur
        
        monitoring process in order to identify a kind of precursor event
        
        small physical change can cause huge disasters
        
        short term prediction
        
        magnitude
        
        how big it is
        
        frequency
        
        1 more item...
        
        return period
        
        2 more items...
        
        location
        
        date
        
        time of event
        
        Long term probability
        
        non specific with exact times
        
        EQ predictions
        
        volcano prediction
- - - - spiral galaxy
        
        solar nebular theory
        
        rotating clouds of ice, gas, and debris
        
        small particles stuck together
        
        spinning mass created flattened disk
        
        separating into rings
        
        rings continued to collide forming planets
        
        terrestrial planets
        
        rocky
        
        mercury
        
        Venus
        
        earth
        
        Impact of mars sized object with earth
        
        created massive dust cloud
        
        condensed to form. THE MOON
        
        mars
        
        Jovian planets
        
        gaseous
        
        Jupiter
        
        Saturn
        
        Uranus
        
        Neptune
    - - accumulation of matter
      - H+He in center
      - center temp increased to 1 mill degrees
      - nuclear fusion of H+He produced Solar radiation
  - - - all matter and energy packed into small dot
      - it exploded
      - BOOM universe