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Earths fury. - Coggle Diagram

- - - - water flows across land as a thin layer
      - sheet wash
    - - water flows down through a canal
    - - headwater
        
        where a stream begins to flow
  - - - stream gradient 1m/km
      - direct stream from source to mouth
      - forms a straight line
    - - stream gradient 0.33m/km
      - many kinks and bumps throughout the stream
      - cut bank
        
        outside bank is eroded and steep
        
        water moves faster and cuts into the bank
      - point bar
        
        inside bank grows as sediment is deposited
        
        water moves slower
        
        sediments dropped
      - often flow across broad floodplains with deep sediments
      - course changes are common
        
        water flows faster on outer curves creating cut banks
        
        water flows slower on inner curves creating point bars
        
        oxbow lakes
        
        meandering neck is eroded away creating a separated lake
  - - - silt and clay particles within stream
    - - the maximum clast size a stream can carry
      - faster flowing streams have greater competence
      - muddy and denser streams have greater competence
    - - the total quantity of sediment a stream can carry
      - competence and water volume dictate capacity
    - - D=A(V)
        
        D=Discharge
        
        A= Cross sectional area
        
        v= average water velocity
      - cross sectional area
        
        a plane drawn perpendicular to the banks of the stream
      - stage
        
        height of the water surface above the refernece elevation
- - - - solar winds create electric currents in magnetosphere
      - solar winds excites atmospheric gasses creating gauzy lights
      - auorua borealis
        
        over north pole
        
        can be seen up north
      - aurora australias
        
        over south pole
        
        can be seen in the south
      - takes place in the lonosphere
  - - - hard outer shell
      - bouyant
      - variable thickness
      - variable composition
      - continental crust
        
        10-70 KM thick
        
        granitoid
        
        thick and very light
        
        volcanic arches
      - oceanic crust
        
        8-10 KM thick
        
        basalt
        
        thin and very dense
        
        base of the ocean
      - plate boundaries
        
        convergent plate boundaries
        
        Continental continental
        
        mountain building
        
        NO subduction
        
        continental oceanic
        
        Subduction
        
        volcanic activity
        
        oceanic oceanic
        
        subduction
        
        volcanic activity
        
        divergent plate boundaries
        
        plates sepreate
        
        mid Atlantic ridge
        
        transform faults
        
        move past eachother
        
        major earthquakes
    - - 3488KM thick
      - peridotite
      - mantle convection
        
        heat moves with material
        
        material bust be able to move
        
        mantle and asthenosphere
    - - 2883KM radius
      - made of Fe+Ni
  - - - ~ 100 KM thick - ~200KM beneath continents
      - very brittle
    - - ~ 250 KM thick
      - soft plastic
      - solid rock but soft and flows
    - - ~2500 KM thick
      - stiff plastic
      - solid rock, still capable of flow
    - - 2250 KM thick
      - liquid
      - convects
      - Fe+Ni
    - - 1230 KM thick
      - solid
      - Fe+Ni
  - - - unstable radioactive atoms decay
      - isotopes
      - releases energy
    - - reaches the earth from the sun
      - 99.987% of energy recieved by earth
      - ~40% automatically reflecting
    - - small bodies hitting earths surface
      - connecting energy of motion into heat
    - - center mass pulled small by gravity
      - gravitational pull and energy released into heat
- - - - Smooth and ropey lava
    - - rough and blocky
  - - - broken up fragments of magma
  - - - high viscosity is thick
        
        more silicon
        
        more crystals
      - Low viscosity is thin and liquid
        
        high temp
  - - - looks like rolos
      - loose material (cinder)
      - high viscosity
      - high volatiles
      - small volumes
      - mafic
    - - shallow slopes
      - wide diamater
      - low viscosity
      - low volatile content
      - high volume
      - effusive
      - mafic
    - - steep slopes
      - very symmetrical
      - high viscosity
      - high water and volatile content
      - explosive
      - small volume
      - intermediate
    - - Volcanic pimples
      - effusive
      - tiny volume
      - high viscosity
      - low volatiles
      - felsic
    - - huge volume
      - explosive
      - felsic
      - big Big hole
  - - - short period seismic waves
      - long period seismic waves
      - magma is moving
    - - Water
      - steam
      - HCL
      - HF
      - CO2
    - - how much the ground inflates over time
      - tilt meters
      - how the magma shifts the ground
      - LiDAR ground levels
- - - - easily observable
      - not always reliable
        
        multiple colors of quartz
        
        caused by different impurities
    - - color of the minerals powdered form
    - - how the surface reacts to light
      - metallic
      - non metallic
        
        silky
        
        glassy
        
        satiny
        
        pearly
        
        resinous
        
        earthy
        
        brilliant
    - - how easy it is to scratch it
      - mohs harness scale
    - - how the mineral grows
    - - how the mineral breaks
      - breaks alone smooth flat surfaces
    - - how a mineral breaks
      - breaks into irregular shapes
      - shatters
- - - - Fault
        
        A fracture in the earth which 2 sides move relative to eachother
        
        dip/slip faults
        
        moves along a vertical slip
        
        Normal
        
        caused by a pulling force
        
        hanging wall moves down relative to the foot wall
        
        divergent boundaries
        
        reverse
        
        caused by pushing force
        
        hanging wall moves up relative to foot wall
        
        convergent boundaries
        
        strike slip faults
        
        Move horizontally
        
        right lateral fault
        
        dexteral fault
        
        Opposite slip moves to the right
        
        left lateral fault
        
        slip moves to the left
        
        oblique slip faults
        
        both faults combined
        
        hanging and foot wall
      - built up of stress
  - - - sediments originally deposit horizontally
    - - each layer is younger then the one below it
    - - sediment layers are conintuous
    - - Younger features cross cut older features
  - - - detect earthquakes
    - - record earthquake waves
- - - - primary effects
        
        occurs as a result of the event
        
        water damage from flooding
        
        building collapses due to EQs
      - secondary effects
        
        only occurs because of primary effect
        
        fires ignite from EQs
        
        power outage due to EQs
      - tertiory
        
        long term effects
        
        loss of habitat
        
        permanat change of the earths
      - vulnerability
        
        how a disaster effects humans
        
        proximety to event
        
        population Density
        
        scientific understanding of the event
        
        public education
        
        building codes
        
        poverty
        
        Early warnings
        
        high probability statements
        
        timeless of the warning
        
        effectivness communications
        
        credibility of the source
        
        warning=happening
        
        watch= might happen
    - - Oil toxic material spills
      - pollution
      - massive automobile crashes
      - train wrecks
      - air plane crashes
      - human induced explosions
      - Technological disasters
  - - - EQ
      - volcanic eruptions
      - tsunami
      - landslides
      - subsidence
      - floods
        
        regional vs flash floods
        
        varies in rainfall intesntity and duration
        
        small drainage basins, short lasting maximum floods
        
        large drainage basins
        
        maximum floods for weeks
        
        drainage networks
        
        water shed
        
        the land area from which water drains
        
        catchments
        
        drainage basins
        
        watershed tributaries feed water into a trunk stream
        
        trunk streams drains from water shed
        
        drainage divide
        
        elevated land separating drainage networks
        
        continental divide
        
        separates drainage networks flowing into different oceans
        
        multiple kinds
        
        dendritic
        
        looks like branches from one original place
        
        parallel
        
        rectangular
        
        boxy shaped
        
        radial
        
        imagine water flowing around a volcano
        
        trellis
        
        a center stream with little branched left and right
        
        flood stage
        
        when water rises above a stream bank
        
        significant areas outside channel are submerged
        
        large elevation increase in flood stage
        
        when stream chennel lies within narrow valley
        
        small elevation increase in flood stage
        
        when stream channel lies within a low lying flood plain
        
        causes
        
        too much water
        
        a stream receives too much water
        
        high discharge
        
        flow rapidly and energetically
        
        response
        
        water speed increase=more erosion
        
        excess energy used to erode stream bottom and into banks
        
        results in less vertical drop
        
        flatter gradiant
        
        lower and less energetic water flow
        
        created a meandering pattern
        
        too much sediment
        
        stream becomes choked
        
        excess sediment builds up on stream bottom
        
        build up results in increased gradient
        
        water flows faster and more energetically
        
        carries more sediment
        
        frequency
        
        past
      - droughts
      - asteroid impacts
      - Geological disasters/ hazards
        
        Rapid hazards
        
        little to know previous knowledge
        
        comes out of no where
        
        EQs
        
        volcanic eruptions (sometimes)
        
        tsunami
        
        landslides
        
        slow hazards
        
        A long event leasing up to event
        
        drought
        
        hazard assessment
        
        when/where the hazardous process has occured
        
        the severity of the physical effects in the past
        
        frequency of hazardous processes occurring
        
        likley effects of a process of a given magnitude
        
        Predictions
        
        probability that an event will occur
        
        monitoring process in order to identify a kind of precursor event
        
        small physical change can cause huge disasters
        
        short term prediction
        
        magnitude
        
        how big it is
        
        frequency
        
        1 more item...
        
        return period
        
        2 more items...
        
        location
        
        date
        
        time of event
        
        Long term probability
        
        non specific with exact times
        
        EQ predictions
        
        volcano prediction
- - - - spiral galaxy
        
        solar nebular theory
        
        rotating clouds of ice, gas, and debris
        
        stony meteorites
        
        composed of silicates
        
        iron meteorites
        
        metallic iron nickel
        
        stony iron meteorite
        
        both
        
        pallasites
        
        large olivine crystals in a matrix of metallic Fe+Ni
        
        impact generated mixture of meteorite core and mantle material
        
        asteroids
        
        rocky or metallic
        
        diameter > 100m
        
        mainly occupy the asteroid belt
        
        comets
        
        highly elliptical orbits
        
        loose rock, dust, and ice aggerated
        
        produces ion and dust trails
        
        meteorite fall vs find
        
        falls are found beneath where a meteor was observed
        
        finds are found later on at impact sites
        
        iridium anomaly
        
        a rare element found covering the globe and is created through meteoroids
        
        small particles stuck together
        
        spinning mass created flattened disk
        
        separating into rings
        
        rings continued to collide forming planets
        
        terrestrial planets
        
        rocky
        
        mercury
        
        Venus
        
        earth
        
        Impact of mars sized object with earth
        
        created massive dust cloud
        
        condensed to form. THE MOON
        
        an object that orbits a planet
        
        many planets have more than one moon
        
        mars
        
        Jovian planets
        
        gaseous
        
        Jupiter
        
        Saturn
        
        Uranus
        
        Neptune
    - - accumulation of matter
      - H+He in center
      - center temp increased to 1 mill degrees
      - nuclear fusion of H+He produced Solar radiation
      - nuclear fusion
        
        hydrogen atoms combined to form helium solar core
        
        converts matter into energy
      - solar core
        
        location of nuclear fusion
      - radiative zone
        
        radiative energy transports
      - convective zone
        
        rapidly convecting plasma
        
        solar plasma
        
        1/4 states of matter
        
        hot gas like substance
        
        forms at extremley high temp
        
        hydrogen ions, helium nuclei, free electrons
        
        electrically conductive
      - corona
        
        top of the suns atmosphere
        
        visible
      - solar winds
        
        plasma travels fast enough they can escape the solar atmosphere
        
        solar storms
        
        eject plasma
        
        eject electromagnetic radiation
        
        can create prominence
        
        release of glowing gas and plasma
        
        arc from one sun spot to another
        
        can last hours - weeks
        
        arching magnetic field lines visible
        
        can create flares
        
        giant flashes of light
        
        release large amounts of electromagnetic energy
        
        can last minutes-hours
        
        may disrupt earths atmosphere
        
        can create CME
        
        coronal mass ejections
        
        release of plasma into space
        
        plasma travels faster than typical solar winds
        
        can affect earth id planet is within plasmas path
      - magnetic field
        
        electrically charged particles create a magnetic field
        
        magnetic field lines end due to suns liquid convecting state
      - solar spot cycle
        
        every 11 years
        
        begins with magnetic field weakening
        
        field begins to strengthen significantly
        
        plasma upwelling is slowed
        
        cooler patched develop
        
        always appear in pairs
        
        entrance and exit of plasma
    - - spherical object that orbits the sun
      - have cleared their orbit of other matter
      - dwarf planets
        
        a small planet that has not cleared its orbit of other matter
        
        does not orbit in the same plane as the sun
  - - - all matter and energy packed into small dot
      - it exploded
      - BOOM universe