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Cardiovascular System Lydiann Guzman Per.5 - Coggle Diagram
Cardiovascular System Lydiann Guzman Per.5
Major Components and Functions of Blood
Components
red blood cells (erythrocytes)
small in diameter (7.5um); bioncave disc shaped, anucleated no organelles; life span= 100-120 days
filled with hemoglobin (Hb) for gas transport
functions
dedicated to respiratory gas transport
hemoglobin binds reversibly with oxygen
erythropoiesis: formation of RBCs
hormonal control; erythropoietin (EPO): hormone that stimulates formation of RBCs
released by kidneys (ST liver) in response to hypoxia
disorders
anemia: blood has low o2 carrying capacity that is too low to support normal metabolism
symptoms: fatigue, pallor, dysnea, and chills
3 groups of causes
not enough RBCs produced
iron deficiency anemia
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too many RBCs destroyed
thalassemias
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sickle cell anemia
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blood loss
chronic hemorrhagic anemia
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hemorrhagic anemia
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white blood cells (leukocytosis)
formed element that is complete cell with nuclei and organelles
function in defense against disease; can leave capillaries and move through tissue spaces
2 major categories:
granulocytes
contain visible cytoplasmic granules
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
agranulocytes
do no contain visible cytoplasmic granules
lymphocytes, monocytes
decreasing abundance of blood: Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils
leukocytosis: increase in production of WBC, a normal response to infection
leukopoiesis: production of WBCs are stimulated by 2 types of chemical messengers fromr Ed bone marrow and mature WBCs; interleukins and colony stimulating factors (CSFs)
disorders
abnormally low WBC count
leukopenia
overproduction of abnormal WBC
leukemias
cancerous condition involving overproduction of abnormal WBC; immature, non-functional WBCs flood bloodstream
infectious mononucleosis
highly contagious viral disease; resulting in high number of typical agranulocytes
plasma
straw colored sticky nonliving fluid (about 90% water)
over 100 dissolved solutes
nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, proteins, inorganic ions
albumin: makes up 60 % of plasma proteins
platelets
fragments of larger megakaryocyte
involved in blood clotting process
function: form temp platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
platelet formation is regulated by thrombopoietin
Functions
regulation
maintaining body temp by absorbing and distributing heat
maintaing normal pH using buffers; alkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions
maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatory system
protection
preventing blood loos (plasma proteins and platelets initiate clot formation)
preventing infection (agents of immunity are carried in antibodies, complement proteins, and white blood cells)
transport
delivering O2 and nutrients to body cells
transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for elimnation
transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
Anatomy of the Heart (including all chambers, and valves)
base
(posterior surface) leans toward right shoulder
apex
points toward left hip
ventricles
pumping chambers of heart
right ventricle
pumps blood through pulmonary circuit; pumps blood into pulmonary trunk
left ventricle
pumps blood through systemic circuit; pumps blood into atria
associated great vessels
interatrial septum
seperates atria
interventricular septum
seperates ventricles
interventricular sulcus
seperates ventricles on surface of heart
anterior
posterior
atria
receiving chambers of heart
right atrium
recieved blood returning from systemic circuit; recieved deoxygenated blood from body
left atrium
recieved blood returning from pulmonary circuit; recieved oxygenated blood from lungs
valves
ensure undirectional (1 way) blood flow through heart; prevents backflow of blood
open and close in response to pressure changes
atrioventricular valves
located between atria and ventricles
prevent backflow into atria when ventricles contract
bicuspid (mitral) valve
made up of 2 cusps and lies between L atria and ventricle
tricuspid valve
made up of 3 cusps and lies between R atria and ventricle
semilunar valves
located between ventricles and major arteries
prevent backflow from major arteries back into ventricles
pulmonary semilunar valve
located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
aortic semilunar valve
located between left ventricle and aorta
Blood Flow Through the Heart and Body
deoxygenated blood (right side)
superior vena cava & inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary arteries
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oxygenated side (left side)
lungs
pulmonary veins
left atrium
mitral (bicuspid) valve
left ventricle
aortic semilunar valve
aorta
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Major Blood Vessels (names arteries and veins)
delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at heart
capillaries
direct contact with tissue cells
capillary beds: interwoven network of capillaries between arterioles and venules
vascular shunt
channel that directly connects arteriole with venule
precapillary sphincter
acts as valve regulating blood flow into capillary bed
veins
carry blood toward heart
venules: capillaries unite to form postcapillary venules; very porus allows fluids and WBCs into tissues; blood pressure lower than in arteries, so adaptations ensure blood to heart:
venous valves
prevent backflow of blood
venous sinuses
flattened veins with extremely thin walls
arteries
carry blood away from heart
arterioles
smallest of all arteries
control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction of smooth muscle
muscular arteries
distributing arteries
deliver blood to body organs; active in vasoconstriction
elastic arteries
thick walled with large, low resistance lumen
act as pressure reservoirs that expand and recoil as blood is ejected from heart
Vital Signs (BP and Pulse)
BP: Blood Pressure
force per unit area exterted on wall of blood vessel by blood; expressed in mmHg; measured as systemic arterial BP in large arteries near heart
systemic blood pressure
pumping action of heart generates blood flow
systemic pressure is highest in aorta and declines throughout pathway; steepest drop occurs in arterioles
arterial blood pressure
systolic pressure
pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction; normally less than 120 mm Hg
diastolic pressure
lowest level of aortic pressure when heart is at rest; normally less than 80 mm Hg
venous blood pressure
low pressure of venous side requires adaptations to help with venous return; factors aiding venous return
1) muscular pump
contraction of skeletal muscles "milks" blood back toward heart; valves prevent backflow
3) sympathetic venoconstriction
under sympathetic control, smooth muscles constrict, pushing blood back toward heart
2) respiratory pump
pressure changes during breathing move blood toward heart by squeezing abdominal veins as thoracic veins expand
measuring blood pressure
measured by auscultatory methods using sphygmomanometer
1) Wrap cuff around arm superior to elbow
2) increase pressure in cuff until exceeds systolic pressure in brachial artery
3) pressure is released slowly, and examiner listens for sounds of korotkoff with stethoscope
Pulse
throbbing of arteries due to difference in pulse pressures
radial pulse
most used, other clinically important pulse points, and taken at wrist
pressure points
areas where arteries are close to body surface; can be compressed to stop blood flow in event of hemorrhaging
ABO, Rh blood types
Based on presence or absence of 2 agglutinogens (A & B) on surface of RBCs
blood may contain performed anti-A or anti-B antibodies (agglutinins)
AB
rbc antigens (agglutinogens): A & B
blood that can be recieved: A, B, AB, O
B
rbc antigens (agglutinogens): B
plasma antibodies (agglutinins): anti-A (a)
blood that can be received: B, O
O
plasma antibodies (agglutinins): anti-A (a) & anti-B (b)
blood that can be received: O
A
rbc antigens (agglutinogens): A
plasma antibodies (agglutinins): anti-B (b)
blood that can be received: A, O
Structual and Functional Differences Between Blood Vessel Types (arteries, veins, capillaries)
veins
structure
thinner walls
larger lumen
contain venous valves
function
carries blood towards the heart, transports deoxygenated blood, and acts as volume reservoirs and assist in blood return
capillaries
structure
smallest diameter
no tunica media or tunica externa
single layer
function
facilitate exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones, and also is a direct contact w/tissue cells
arteries
structure
3 layers of thick (tunics) walls (tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa)
high in elasticity
smaller lumen
function
carrying out blood away from heart, transports oxygenated blood, acts as pressure reservoirs to distribute blood to organs
structure of blood vessel wall
tunica intima
innermost layer that is in "intimate" contact with blood
slick surface reduces friction
tunica media
middle layer composed of smooth muscle and sheets of elastin
sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers innervate this layer, controlling
vasoconstriction: decreased lumen diameter
bulkiest layer responsible for maintaining blood flow and blood pressure
vasodilation: increased lumen diameter
tunica externa
outermost layer of wall
Cardiac Cycle and the ECG
cardiac cycle
blood flow through heart during one complete heartbeat; cycle represents series of pressure and blood volume changes; 3 phases (following left side, starting with relaxation)
atrial systole--ventricular systole--atrial diastole--ventricular diastole
systole
period of heart contraction
diastole
period of heart relaxation
ECG
graphic recording of electrical activity; can detect electrical currents generated by heart
P-R interval
beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
T wave
ventricular repolarization
S-T segment
entire ventricular myocardium depolarized
Q-T interval
beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
QRS complex
ventricular depolarization and atrial and atrial repolarization
P wave
depolarization of SA node and atria
Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
angina pectoris
thoracic pain caused by fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to myocardium
myocardial infarction (heart attack)
prolonged coronary blockage
pericarditis
inflammation of pericardium
tachycardia
abnormally fast heart rate
bradycardia
heart rate slower than 60 beats/min
congestive heart failure (CHF)
CO is so low that blood circulation is inadequate to meet tissue needs
dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
ventricles stretch and become flappy, and myocardium deteriorates
multiple myocardial infarcts
heart becomes weak as contractile cells are replaced with scar tissue
cariocse veins
dilated and painful veins due to incompetent (leaky) valves
hypertension
elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or higher
hypotension
low blood pressure below 90/60 mm Hg
circulatory shock
condition where blood vessels fill and cannot circulate blood normally
Major Functions of the Cardiovascular System
right side
recieved oxygen-poor blood from tissues
pumps blood to lungs to get rid of CO2, pick up O2, via pulmonary circuit
left side
recieved oxygenated blood from lungs
pumps blood to body tissues via systemic circuit
Layers of the Heart
lines heart chambers
myocardium
circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells
endocardium
innermost layer; is coninuous w/endothelial lining of blood vessels
epicardium
visceral layer of serous pericardium