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Humanism and the Rennaisance
HUMANISM AND KNOWLEDGE
cultural movement that began in the 14th century
developed fully in the 15th to 16th century in Northern Italy
the city-states in which it developed had a flourishing economy and rich artistic heritage
THE NORTHERN PART OF THE ITALIAN PENINSULA IN THE MID-15TH CENTURY
Humanists developed an anthropocentric world view
Humans and their intelligence became the main concerns of the humanists
they were still devoted to the Christian faith.
The main characteristics of Humanism are:
ANTHROPOCENTRISM
THE LOVE OF KNOWLEDGE
THE REVIVAL OF ANTIQUITY
Humanist artists and thinkers were supported by patrons
Patrons were typically governors and rich families
Their courts and palaces, were the epicentres of Humanism.
In some of these cities, humanists created academies
The most well-known academy was in Florence. Which was sponsored by the Medici family
This academy brought together great 15th-century thinkers, such as:
Marsilio Ficino
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
Other important humanists from outside Florence were:
ERASMUS OF ROTTERDAM
SIR THOMAS MORE
CARDINAL CISNEROS
Antonio de Nebrija was the author of the first grammar textbook
THE SPREAD OF KNOWLEDGE
Humanist ideas and knowledge spread more rapidly in the Modern Age than in the Middle Ages
THE PRINTING PRESS
1440
Johannes Gutenberg invented the movable-type printing press
Books could be produced more easily and ideas spread more quickly
It improved literacy, and intellectual life was no longer restricted to monasteries and universities.
ASTRONOMY
the heliocentric theory
claimed that the Earth and all the other planets orbited the Sun
In the 17th century, Galileo Galilei proved Copernicus’ theory using the telescope
the geocentric theory
claimed that the Earth was the immobile centre of the Universe, and all other celestial bodies orbited around it.
MEDICINE
there was widespread opposition to clinical trials
the following advances were made:
the treaty of anatomy by Vesalius
the theory of pulmonary circulation of blood by Miguel Servet
the development of pharmacology by Swiss physician Paracelsus.
In the 17th century, the microscope was invented, leading to advances in clinical and medical research.
GEOGRAPHY
During this period, it was established that the Earth was spherical.
Modern cartography also began.
Straight lines called parallels and meridians were used to locate any point in the world.
Maps were created based on the world map drawn by Gerardus Mercator, in 1569. Mercator’s map showed all the lands discovered up until that date.
THE RENAISSANCE IN ITALY
The basis of the Renaissance is linked to the artistic changes that occurred in the 15th and 16th centuries.
New artistic approaches revived the styles of Ancient Greek and Roman art.
These changes first began on the Italian Peninsula, where there were two major artistic periods:
the Quattrocento
the Cinquecento
ARCHITECTURE
The characteristics of Renaissance architecture were:
BUILDING CONCEPT AND DESIGN
THE GROWTH OF CIVIL ARCHITECTURE
A RETURN TO CLASSICAL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
THE REVIVAL OF ANCIENT ROMAN ROOFS
QUATTROCENTO
it aimed to create harmonious spaces based on mathematical and geometrical studies.
The most important architects were Brunelleschi, who designed the dome of Florence Cathedral and the Basilica di San Lorenzo , and Alberti, who designed the Basilica di Sant’Andrea, and the Tempio Malatestiano.
CINQUECENTO
Buildings became more monumental and began to scrupulously respect ancient architectural orders.
Bramante designed the most important building of the century: St. Peter’s Basilica, in the Vatican.
PAINTING
Renaissance painters made many advances in painting techniques, as they tried to produce very realistic pictures
A wider variety of themes, such as:
mythology
allegory
history
portraits
The main characteristics of Renaissance painting were:
PROPORTION
BALANCE
THE USE OF LIGHT
THE ILLUSION OF DEPTH
QUATTROCENTO
The Birth of Venus (1484), by Sandro Botticelli, is an example of a harmonious, symmetrical composition and elegant drawing.
CINQUECENTO
The Creation of Adam, by Michelangelo, is a fresco painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, in the Vatican City. It is an example of Michelangelo’s mastery of drawing and depth. The movement of the subjects signaled the end of the balanced, harmonious compositions of the Renaissance and indicated the beginning of the Baroque period.
SCULPTURE
influenced by Gothic naturalism, but its main influence was classical sculpture
The main characteristics of Renaissance sculpture were:
VARIETY OF MATERIALS
marble
bronze
wood
NEW THEMES
mythological themes
historical themes
portraits
FORM
two main forms of sculptures:
Sculptures in the round
Relief sculptures
THE PURSUIT OF IDEAL BEAUTY
This beauty was characterised by balance and was inspired by the Ancient Greek and Roman approach.
Artists studied anatomy and the proportions of the human body.
FROM THE MIDDLE AGES TO THE MODERN AGE
THE THREE ESTATES OF THE REALM
At the very top of the social system was the king.
Each social group played a particular role in society:
The nobles did not work, as they considered manual labour beneath them. Only the king or other nobles could judge them.
The clergy had the social and spiritual function of looking after the souls of people. They continued to enjoy privileges, such as collecting tithes for their own benefit and administering justice.
Below these two estates, there was the third estate of the common people, mostly peasants crop and livestock farmers, craftsmen, traders, doctors, jurists, etc. They had no justice system of their own
MONARCHS AND THEIR KINGDOMS
Political and social conflict such as armed conflict between nobles, violence
Institutions such as estate courts and parliaments endured
MONARCHIES OF THE 16TH CENTURY
Most Europeans lived in kingdoms like Portugal, England and France.
Some kingdoms joined together under the same ruler to create composite monarchies
There were other independent political entities that acted like kingdoms, although they were not.
The Holy Roman Empire was a political entity with little internal cohesion.
BASIC TRAITS OF A NEW ERA
Although there were some similarities with the Middle Ages, the Modern Age did represent a big step forward for Europe.
ECONOMIC CHANGES
Craft, trade and financial activities experienced a huge boom.
CULTURAL CHANGES
New artistic styles appeared, including Renaissance art and architecture.
RELIGIOUS CHANGES
It was a time of intolerance with great persecution of Jews and Muslims.
SOCIAL CHANGES
The bourgeoisie acquired influence and wealth, and salaried work increased.
POLITICAL CHANGES
monarchies gained power.
THE FACTORS BEHIND GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERY
The 15th and 16th centuries are known for the geographical discoveries made through sea voyages. There were several factors in Europe at that time that led people to explore the world.
ECONOMIC FACTORS
Europeans needed gold and silver to produce coins. They also depended on products from the East, such as silk and spices. When Byzantium was taken by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the traditional trade route to obtain spices closed, so they had to search for alternate routes.
DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
After the demographic stagnation of the Late Middle Ages, the population went through a period of growth. This increased the demand for precious metals and products from the East.
POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS FACTORS
There was religious rivalry with Islam, which was reinforced by the Ottomans. The conflict was particularly noticeable in the Iberian kingdoms, where the spirit of the Crusades continued, although it was felt in all European Christian kingdoms.
SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS
The spirit of the Renaissance inspired people to discover and explore. Books like The Travels of Marco Polo acted as inspiration.
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL FACTORS
Advances were made in navigation with new ships, such as carracks and caravels. Many geographers also started to believe that the world was round and not flat.
AUTHORITARIAN MONARCHIES AND SOCIETY
THE MOST POWERFUL MONARCHIES
THE TREASURY AND THE ARMY
Monarchs were frequently involved in wars with other kings, as well as with subjects in their own kingdoms who were opposed to their authority
monarchs created permanent royal armies so they did not have to depend on the nobility, the Church or the cities
Royal treasuries were responsible for collecting money to maintain administrative and military systems
THE ROYAL COURT AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF KINGDOMS
the administrative structure of kingdoms became more complex.
This development is considered to be the origin of the modern state.
The monarchs consolidated their power by controlling that of the courts, or by combining the interests of both parties.
If the royal treasuries were powerful enough, the monarchs needed less money from the regional courts and parliaments.
Monarchs also began taking part in the process of appointing important Church figures, sometimes even undermining the pope’s authority.
Monarchs increased their control over the election of municipal governments by appointing the mayors and magistrates that they wanted.
THE LIMITATIONS OF AUTHORITARIAN MONARCHIES
Although they had more power, monarchs were unable to impose their will.
It was therefore important to maintain their privileges and involve the nobility, the Church, the urban middle class and the regional courts in government work.
THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS
THE BIRTH OF A NEW MONARCHY
In 1469, Fernando II of Aragón married Isabel I, the sister of Enrique IV of Castilla, who died in 1474. Fernando II inherited the Aragonese throne in 1479.
To gain her right to the throne of Castilla, Isabel I had to defeat Juana, the king’s daughter and heir, in a civil war that ended in 1479. Isabel and Juana were supported by Aragón and Portugal, respectively.
The marriage of Isabel and Fernando laid the foundations for the development of modern Spain, and also for the Catholic Monarchy.
The new monarchy was a dynastic union because it was the result of a marriage between two monarchs, not a fusion of two kingdoms. It was therefore a composite monarchy
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS IN THE WORDS OF THEIR CONTEMPORARIES
THE AUTHORITARIAN MONARCHY OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS
THE RELIGIOUS POLICY OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS
The Catholic Monarchs imposed most of their authority, perhaps, through religion, by implementing a policy of religious unification.
The Spanish Inquisition was first established in the Late Middle Ages by the pope to punish heretics
In 1492, the Catholic Monarchs expelled all Jews that did not convert to Christianity from their kingdoms.
These Jews were called marranos. Sephardi Jews (the Jews who were expelled from the Peninsula) formed a very culturally and economically active community.
Following the conquest of Granada in 1492, the mudéjares in that kingdom were forced to convert to Catholicism
THE BEGINNINGS OF HISPANIC DOMINANCE: FOREIGN POLICY
This gave way to an active foreign policy which allowed them to expand their territories
The Catholic Monarchs formed alliances by marrying their children to heirs of other kingdoms with two main aims
The first was to maintain peace with Portugal after it had supported Juana.
The second was to reinforce their ties with countries such as Flanders, which was part of the Duke of Burgundy’s territory, and England with whom they had strong trade relationships because of the exports of Castilian wool.
Castilla’s Atlantic expansion began at the completion of the conquest of the Canary Islands (1496) and the discovery of America by Columbus (1492).
