Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
EY W7 social identity pt2 - Coggle Diagram
EY W7 social identity pt2
aggression
-behaviour intended to harm another of same species
result in personal injury or destruction of property
operationalising aggression
1- analogues of behaviour (punching a doll)
2- signal of intention (express willingness to use violence)
3- self rating
4- rated by others
5- indirect spreading rumours- predictor of how aggressive people are
frustration-aggression hypothesis
personal goals
psychic energy activated to achieve goal- state of pyschological readiness, frustration of goal achievment
frustration-induced undissipated arousal= source of frustration (allies) too powerful
location of scapegoat, catharsis achieved by displacement of aggression
situational influence
the behavioural manifestation of a given genotype depends critically on inputs from and reactions to the environment
social learning theory- applied to aggression
a persons previous experiences of others aggressive behaviour
how successful aggressive behaviour has been in the past
the current likelihood that an aggressive personal will be either rewarded or punished
the complex array of cognitive, social and environmental factors in the situation
key concepts
altruism
an act that is meant to benefit another person rather than themselfs
selfless if true
prosocial
behaviour that has positive social consequences and that contributes to the physical or psychological well being of another person
positive psychology
biologicial perspective
kinship
energy situation- more likely to help fitter people (survival of fittest Darwin)
biological motivation to help people- bias towards people who are genetically similar to you (family)
kin selection- those who cooperate are biased towards blood relatives because it helps propagate their own genes
humans have innate tendencies to help others- promotes survival
mutualism- cooperative behaviour benefits the cooperator as well as others
bystander effect
people less likely to help in an emergency when they are with others than alone
greater number the less likely it is that anyone will help
diffusion of responsibility- passing the responsibility to act to other available people
audience inhibition- fear of social blunder
social influence- passive behaviour of others represents a model for how to act
bystander-calculus model
involves body and ,mind
1- we are physiologically aroused by anothers distress, 2- we label this arousal as an emotion, 3- we evaluate the consequences of helping
bystander intervention
occurs when an individual breaks out of the role of bystander and help people in emergancy
processes contributing to bystander apthy
diffusion of responsibility- assume others will take responsibility
fear of social blunders- dread of acting inappropriately or making foolish mistakes witnessed by others
prosocial behaviour
a broad category of acts that are valued positively by society- contrast it with antisocial behaviour
voluntary and has the intention to benefit others
embraces acts of charity, cooperation, friendship, rescure, sacrifice, sharing, sympathy and trust
helping behaviour
a subcategory of prosocial behaviour
helping is intentional and benefits another living being or group
mood states
prosocial research has shown that people who feel good are much more likely to help someone in need than are people who feel bad
good mood- when people feel good, they are less preoccupied with themselves and are more sensitive to the needs and problems of others, good mood= people focus on positive things
bad moods- people who feel bad,sad, depressed are internally focused; concentrate on themselves, problems and worries= less concerned with others welfare= ;less likely to help others
individual differnces-
some people more consistently helpful than others- associated with the belief that our fate lies within our contorl
personal; attributescan predict prosocial behaviour
people consistently helpful in emergencies tend to be- taller, heavier, physically stronger and better trained to cope with crime and emergencies
why people help
biology and evolution
innate tendencies to help others
criticisms- a problem with evolutionary theory as an explanation is the lack of convincing human evidence (Kitty Genovese difficult to explain at biological level
empathy and arousal
helping other memebers of the same species may have evolved through natural selection, also shaped by contextual influence
bio mechanisms can predispose to act but how you choose to will depend on history and the immediate circumstances
empathy is related to perspective taking, able to see the world through others
scrooge effect
the most fundamental human motivation is to reduce the terror of the inevitability of death
self esteem can centrally implicated in effective terror management
norms for helping
-play a role in prosocial and helping behaviour
reciprocity norm- help those who help us, people might give help in return for help
social responsibility norm- should help people who are dependent and in need, opossed by another norm of discourages interfering in others lives