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Unit 9 - Coggle Diagram
Unit 9
FROM THE MIDDLE AGES TO THE MODERN AGE
SOCIETY AND THE FEUDAL ECONOMY
COLLECTIVE PRIVILEGES: CITIES
Cities enjoyed the main type of collective privileges
richest members
rich traders
landowners
craftspeople
clergy
collect tithes for their own benefit
not pay taxes
bishops
common people
peasants
craftsmen
traders
doctors
jurists
nobles
not work
Only the king or other nobles could judge them
not pay taxes
Lords were most important members of the nobility
MONARCHS AND THEIR KINGDOMS
political system was organised in the same way as society
Privilaged cities
Political and social conflict
estate courts and parliaments
MONARCHIES OF THE 16TH CENTURY
Most Europeans lived in kingdoms like Portugal, England and France
composite monarchies
Poland-Lithuania, the Kalmar Union (Denmark, Sweden and Norway) and the Crown of Aragón
independent political entities
Duchy of Burgundy, the Duchy of Austria, the Italian republics, run by urban elites, and the Papal States
BASIC TRAITS OF A NEW ERA
Changes
Religious
time of intolerance with great persecution of Jews and Muslims
Wars between chirtians
Social
Burgeoisie acquired influence and wealth, and salaried work increased
Cultural
New artistic styles
cultural movements, such as Humanism
revolutionary invention of the printing press
Political
monarchies gained power
Economic
Craft, trade and financial activities. And agriculture and livestock farming continued to be the main economic activities.
THE FACTORS BEHIND GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERY
FACTORS
POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS FACTORS
religious rivalry with Islam
the conflict in the Iberian kingdoms
SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS
spirit of the Renaissance inspired people to discover and explore
DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
the population went through a period of growth
increased the demand for precious metals and products
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL FACTORS
Advances were made in navigation with new ships, such as carracks and caravels
ECONOMIC FACTORS
in 1453, the traditional trade route to obtain spices closed
Europeans needed gold and silver to produce coins
15th and 16th centuries
THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS
THE AUTHORITARIAN MONARCHY OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS
THE MONARCHY AND THE ESTATES OF THE REALM
Cities
Fernando imposed his authority in major cities, such as Barcelona and Zaragoza, by sortition
Church
pope gave the Catholic Monarchs the authority to intervene in the appointment of important figures in the Church
Nobilty
Catholic Monarchs confiscated lands from noblemen who supported Juana during the civil war
THE RELIGIOUS POLICY OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS
Catholic Monarchs imposed most of their authority
by implementing a policy of religious unification
Spanish Inquisition was first established in the Late Middle Ages by the pope to punish heretics
In 1492, the Catholic Monarchs expelled all Jews that did not convert to Christianity
the Jews who remained) had really converted were called
marranos
Sephardi Jews (the Jews who were expelled from the Peninsula) formed a very culturally and economically active community
mudéjares in that kingdom were forced to convert to Catholicism
these was called moriscos
all mudéjares to renounce their religion or be expelled
KINGDOMS UNDER THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS
first administrative bodies common to all their kingdoms: the Council of the Inquisition and the Council of Military Orders
THE BIRTH OF A NEW MONARCHY
there were five kingdoms on the Iberian Peninsula
ruled in two of those kingdoms: the Crown of Aragón and the Crown of Castilla
In 1469, Fernando II of Aragón married Isabel I
Fernando II inherited the Aragonese throne in 1479
To gain her right to the throne of Castilla, Isabel I had to defeat Juana
The marriage of Isabel and Fernando laid the foundations for the Catholic Monarchy
dynastic union
the result of a marriage between two monarchs
THE BEGINNINGS OF HISPANIC DOMINANCE: FOREIGN POLICY
formed alliances with two main aims
peace with Portugal
reinforce their ties with countries
Atlantic expansion began at the completion of the conquest of the Canary Islands (1496) and the discovery of America by Columbus (1492)
Alliances
Catherine of Aragón and Henry VIII of England
The Infanta Juana and the Duke of Burgundy
The Infanta Isabel and Manuel I of Portugal
AUTHORITARIAN MONARCHIES AND SOCIETY
THE 15TH AND 16TH CENTURIES
ECONOMY
From the 15th century onwards, craftwork and trade became more important.
The influence of markets continued to grow
these markets did not depend as much on supply and demand as they did on the political authorities
rural economy based on working the land (agriculture and livestock farming)
MONOPOLIES AND PRIVILEGES
There were bans on certain economic activities
cereal exports in agricultural areas where food was scarce; or anti-usury laws prohibiting loans to people in debt
important geographical discoveries led to new monopolies
East India Company, which had a monopoly on trade between England and Asia
Privileges
Artisans’ guilds were an example
had special rights over the production of crafts
THE MOST POWERFUL MONARCHIES
THE TREASURY AND THE ARMY
monarchs created
permanent royal armies
so they did not have to depend on the nobility, the Church or the cities
Royal treasuries
responsible for collecting money to maintain administrative and military systems
THE ROYAL COURT AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF KINGDOMS
monarchies were made up of several equal political units (kingdoms, territories, etc.), each with their own government institutions
Monarchs maintain their privileges and involve them in government work
THE LIMITATIONS OF AUTHORITARIAN MONARCHIES
Monarchs also began taking part in the process of appointing important Church figures, sometimes even undermining the pope’s authority
Monarchs increased their control over the election of municipal governments by appointing the mayors and magistrates that they wanted
If the royal treasuries were powerful enough, the monarchs needed less money from the regional courts and parliaments