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FROM THE MIDDLES AGES TO THE MODERN AGE - Coggle Diagram
FROM THE MIDDLES AGES TO THE MODERN AGE
Society And The Feudal Economy
Basic structure of the society was the same as in the Middle Ages
Social groups divided by their privileges
The three estates of the realm
At the top the king who depended on privilaged estates
Later are the nobles who did not work. Only king or they could judge them. They did not pay taxes. Most important members, lords or feudal manors, they cllect taxes and administered justice.
More lower were the clergy, who continued to enjoy privilages, for they're own benefit and administering justice. They did not pay taxes. Bishops were high-born members could have feudal manors.
The common people were the lowest estate, the third estate, like peasants, craftsmen, traders, doctors... They had no justice system. They were judged by the lords, or the king. They paid taxes to support the monarchy.
Collective privileges: Cities
Cities enjoyed the main type of collective privileges
Monarch granted privileges such as collecting taxes, enjoying monopolies and administering justice in the town.
The city council was the charge of exercising these privileges
In theory, they were for all inhabitants, in practice were restricted to richest members. Landowners, rich traders and craftspeople.
MONARCHS AND THEIR KINGDOMS
The political system was organised in the same way as society
Power was very fragmented and disputed by the monarchs, privileged estates and cities
Political and social conflict, such as, armed conflicts between nobles, violence between groups of citizens or rebellions against monarch were common
Institutions such as estate courts and parliaments endured where the monarchs and privileged groups. In their kingdoms could negotiate peacefully under the king's authority.
Monarchies of the 16th century
Most europeans live in kingdoms like Portugal, England and France.
Some kingdoms joined together under the same ruler to create composite monarchies
These were made up of equal kingdoms that maintaned their own laws and institutions. Like, The Crown of Aragon.
There were other independent politicall entities that acted like kingdoms. Like, The Papal States.
The Holy Roman Empire, was a political entity with little internal cohesion.
The title of Emperor offered more prestige than the real power because the many territories in the Empire, and were very independent
BASIC TRAITS OF A NEW ERA
There were some changes in a lot of terms
Religious changes
It was a time of intolerance with great persecution of Jews and Muslims
There were also wars between Christians due to the emergence of denominations wich separated from the papal state.
Social changes
The third estate became more diverse and complex, as a result of urban growth.
The burgeoisie acquired influence and wealth, and salaried work increased
There was also a demographic recovery after drop in population in the 14th century.
Cultural changes
New artistic styles appeared, including Renaissance art and architecture.
New cultural movements, such as, Humanism
Culture reached more people than ever thanks to the printing press. And europeans also discovered and explored more.
Political changes
The system of privileges and institutions, such as, the state courts and parliaments, did not disappear but monarchies gained power.
Royal courts became more powerful and more people from the nobility, the clergy and the bourgeoisie were involved in the government.
Economic changes
Craft, trade and financial activities experienced a huge boom.
Agriculture and livestock farming continued to be main economic activities
Geographical exploration and discovery increased and intesified trade and the use of money, especially in the Western of Europe.
THE FACTORS BEHIND GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERY
Economic Factors
Europeans needed gold and silver to produce coins.
Silk and spices were depended by the East
When Byzantium was taken by the Ottoman Turks in 1453 the route for the spices closed, so they had to search other routes.
Demographic Factors
A period of growth started after the demographic stagnation of the Late Middle Ages.
This increased the demand for precious metals and products from the East.
Political And Religious Factors
A religious rivarly with Islam started, reinforced by the Ottomans
In the Iberian kingdom the conflict was especially noticeable, althought it was felt in all European Christian Kingdoms
Sociological Factors
The spirit of the Renaissance inspired people to discover and explore. With books like The travels of Marco Polo acting as inspiration.
Scientific And Technical Factors
Advances were made in navigation with new ships, such as carracks and caravels.
Many geographers also started to believe that the world was round and not flat.