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Crime and Deviance - New - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 2x more likely to be cautioned by police
      - 3x more likely to be arrested
      - More likely to face court proceedings than only receive only a caution
      - More likely to receive a prison sentence and for a longer term of that
      - More likely to be put in prison
  - - - Form of political action, REPRESENTING A CULTURE OF RESISTANCE TO INEQUALITY AND OPPRESSORS IN THE FORM OF POLICE RACISM + HARASSMENT
  - - - Some minority ethnic groups are often pushed to the edges of mainstream society by underachievement within education / lack of employment / lack of legitimate opportunities
    - - Felt by those in more / less deprived scenarios
    - - Marginality and relative deprivation can contribute to the formation of subcultures within deprived communities
- - - - Racist "canteen culture" in police force
        
        Suspicion / macho values / racism
        
        Encourages racist stereotypes
  - - - Minority ethnic suspects are less likely than white offenders to cooperate with police officers, and often less likely to admit to offences / during interviews or after trials
    - - Minority ethnic groups are more likely than white offenders to display the social characteristics which make a remand in custody more likely than release on bail
  - - - Fitzgerald (AWOG police racism), (police often use their own predetermined racial prejudices when selecting stop and search offenders, 1/10 times the "offender" would be guilty)
        
        Police discrimination against ethnic minorities was greatest in situations where police officers had scope to exploit their own intuition and racial prejuidices (stopping and searching people)
        
        Ministry of justice stats
        
        Black and Asian people 6x more likely to be stopped and searched by the police
        
        1/10 stop in searches result in arrest
        
        9/10 "suspects" are not guilty of anything
        
        Phillips and Bowling (ironic that the police ask for public support when they stop and search "offenders", when they are acting out their racial prejudices on innocent people)
        
        Suggest that stop and searches add to the unfair criminalisation of ethnic minorities, and also undermines public support for the police in their communities
    - - How the police handled the murder of Stephen Lawrence by 5 white youths in 1993
        
        Police assumed he was involved in a street brawl and that Lawrence provoked it, rather than simply being a victim of an unprovoked racist attack by a gang of white boys
    - - Police officers seem to arrest and charge some black and Asian suspects without enough evidence to back up their claims.
    - - Black people face a greater likelihood both of being given a prison sentence and of receiving longer sentences
    - - Minority ethnic groups often make up over twice the proportion of prisoners (2013) compared to their proportion in the general population, and black people were over represented by four times compared to their three percent proportion of the general population!
      - Bowling et al (Bowling ball), (minorities treated more harshly compared to non-ethnic groups)
        
        Suggest that within a prison environment that black and Asian prisoners face a more brutal regime compared to white prisoners
- - - - More likely to be paying rent or be homeless
- - - - Academic / researchers in the sociology of crime and deviance are a lot of the time men
      - "Malestream" M/C sociologists had a form of romanticised male preoccupation with macho W/C deviance (e.g studying rogue males)
      - There is often a lot less to study overall (due to overall lack of female crime, and a lot of the crime that is present is hard to detect)
  - - - Break the law + traditional gender roles as well
      - A lot more stigmatised for committing crimes compared to men, even if the crimes a lot less serious
- - - - 60x more likely for sex offences
      - 14x more likely for robberies
      - 13x more likely for possession of weapons
  - - - Gender socialisation encourages women to be more averse when taking risks compared to men (also giving women fewer opportunities to commit crime compared to men).
  - - - Refers to material rewards that can arise from working paid employment, and also enabling women to purchase things like consumer goods
    - - Rewards that arise from fulfilling their roles in the family and home, with support from male breadwinner.
  - - - Private domestic sphere
        
        Patriarchal control of women
      - Public sphere
        
        Women face patriarchal control at night from men due to chance of physical / sexual violence on them if they go out alone at nigjt
      - Women face the threat of losing their reputation
        
        "Lack of feminity"
  - - - Women are treated more leniently by the law, with first offenders about half as likely to be given a sentence of immediate imprisonment
      - More likely to receive a suspended sentence or community service rather than direct imprisonment, where they often receive shorter prison sentences
      - Female offenders are also often generally regarded by the police as a less serious threat than men, and therefore benefit from more informal approaches to their offences
      - Evidence against chivalry thesis
        
        No evidence of a leniency towards female defendants and women's less severe treatment by CJS is because they commit less serious crimes a lot of the time
        
        Women demonstrate more "mitigating factors" compared to men, which can reduce the length of their sentences, e.g showing remorse, having care responsibilities, lack of previous convictions etc
        
        "Evil woman" theory
        
        Women who are sexually promiscuous are perceived by CJS as far worse than men who are in similar situations, doubly deviant evil women as they violate norms of gender stereotypes of women
- - - - Women have more independence compared to what they had in the past, becoming more successful than men in both education and within the labour market
      - Younger women spending more leisure time outside ("on the streets"), away from home
      - Denscombe (Combe = culture), (lads = ladettes)
        
        "Ladette" culture, women adopting forms of behaviour similar to that of younger men (e.g drinking, gang culture etc)
  - - - e.g being aggressive, competitive, risk-taking etc
      - What the expectations are to be a man
  - - - When men cannot use legitimate means, men seek an alternative, e.g using violence / violence against women as an assertion of their power
  - - - Allow men to express their masculinity
      - Explains why M/C men assert their masculinity through thrill-seeking behaviour in the business world (white collar crime)
- - - - Box et al (boxed in, law broken = broken out)
        
        The push for corporate crime is driven primarily by CRIMINOGENIC CAPITALISM
        
        The need to maintain profits in an increasingly global market means that if something cannot be done legally, then a law will be broken to complete this goal
    - - Croall (troll = kill people)
        
        Corporate crime is often not accompanied by a direct intent to cause harm, e.g breaches of health and safety, as these are not deliberately intended to kill / injure people, therefore appear "less criminal" than a lot of other crimes
- - - - Companies are able to access this information, and find out background information of their employers, and if they are affiliated with trade unions and trade activists
      - Due to the casual nature of the construction industry, employees can be employed on a job-by-job basis
        
        Makes these workers vulnerable to blacklisting
- - - - Involves a process of deterritorialisation
        
        An increasing number of social and economic activities are no longer attached to specific nations, but are transnational, so they exist across the globe
        
        This is because of the internet and international travel
  - - - International illegal drug trade (e.g growing coca in Colombia, and then manufacture this to create cocaine, and then sell to consumers in the West)
        
        This trade was worth $322 billion each year
      - Human trafficking
        
        The NCA suggested that as many as 13,000 people in Britain at a certain point in time were victims of slavery
      - Money-laundering
        
        The internet makes it possible for criminals to launder "dirty money" through complicated financial transactions across the world, making it hard to track by law enforcement agencies
  - - - Typically ordered by ethnicity / family, they have adapted their activities and orgs to take advantage of the various new opportunities opened up by globalisation
    - - Which have emerged since the advent of globalisation, and the collapse of the communist regimes of Russia etc
  - - - Glenny uses this word as a way of describing the way transnational organised crime mirrors the activities of legal TNCs (like McDonalds), they these, they operate as purely self-interest economic orgs
  - - - Lash and Urry (lash and hurry)
        
        Suggest that globalisation has been accompanied by less regulation and fewer state controls over business and finance, this is referred to as "disorganised capitalism"
        
        Taylor
        
        Suggests that this process of disorganised capitalism has lead to fewer job opportunities, increased job insecurity etc
    - - Taylor (taylor swift)
        
        Suggests that the "winners" from globalisation are the rich financial investors and also the TNCs based in the developed Western countries
        
        The "losers" are the workers in both the developed and the developing countries
    - - Globalisation through mass tourism and migration has spread a similar culture and ideology of consumerism across the world
      - Everyone in developed and developing countries are constantly exposed to the ideology that the GOOD LIFE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! lies in obtaining the consumer goods associated with rich Western lifestyles
    - - Bauman
        
        There is growing individualisation
      - Taylor
        
        Individuals are left alone to weigh the costs and benefits of their decisions, and to choose the course that brings them the best chances to get the best rewards
- - - - The main problem with this, however, is that the same harmful environment action might be defined as illegal in some nations, but not in others
        
        Also these laws are able to change over time
  - - - White (walter)
        
        Considers env crime to be any human action which is able to cause env harm, whether or not it is considered to be illegal
        
        Referred to as the ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE APPROACH
  - - - 25k deaths (by 2012)
      - 120k people still suffering from symptoms
    - - BP Deepwater Horizon Oil RIg
  - - - New kinds of risks have been created by the actions of humans through the use of science and technology
    - - E.g meltdown in Chernobyl and Fukishima
  - - - Santana
        
        Suggests that military is the largest institutional polluter
        
        Warfare performs a major role in generating env destruction
    - - Interpol suggests that a large amount of env crime is carried out by these networks of criminals
      - Massari et al
        
        Demonstrated the collusion between mafia, legal businesses and local authorities in terms of the illegal waste dumping in Italy
- - - - State crimes include torture and illegal imprisonment
      - There is plenty of trouble defining what a state crime is, as the state has the power to avoid defining its own acts as criminal
    - - State crimes should be considered as violations of human rights
      - Schwae
    - - State organisational deviance involving the violation of human rights
      - Also state organisational deviance
        
        E.g police officers who injure prisoners without permission to do so will face disciplinary action if discovered
    - - State crimes arise from similar reasons to that of street crimes, e.g motives of offenders, opportunities and failure to control these
  - - - States are increasingly assessed by the extent to which they preserve human rights, and by the extent to which they fail to do so through the means of injustice
      - Fye
  - - - Authorisation to do so
      - Dehumanisation
      - Routinisation
      - Bauman
        
        The holocaust was made possible due these processes, as this was a state approved routine task
        
        Bauman = power = holocaust
      - RAD
  - - - To explain how states can deny they have committed serious breaches of human rights
        
        Neutralise crimes by relabeling them as something different
- - - - Blow these crime stories out of proportion
    - - What makes a story worth telling?
      - Greer suggests that it is these values is why mainstream media exaggerate the extent of violence
  - - - Crime which is opposite version of reality, misrepresenting the reality of crime
        
        Over representing sex and serious violence related crime, e.g sexual assault or robbery
        
        Portraying property crime as far more serious than most recorded offences
        
        Over-exaggerating police effectiveness in solving crimes
  - - - Media does not reflect reality but actively create it, most people's only knowledge of crime is through media-created images which have little connection with the real world
- - - - Newspaper headlines reflect a release of exasperation felt by many, but these headlines do not produce any moral panics
      - Media sensationalise crimes, causes concern amongst the public
  - - - Moral panic created towards these two groups due to a small altercation, presented as folk devils who were posing major threats to public order, which encouraged police to arrest more of these people from these groups
  - - - New media tech and 24/7 rolling news all changed the reporting of events which once might have caused moral panic
  - - - Labelling, moral entrepreneurship and deviancy amplification
      - Motives for crime (e.g Young's bulimic society)
      - Knowledge and learning of criminal techniques
      - New means of committing crimes
      - Reduction of social controls over crime
      - Providing targets for crimes
- - - - Found that the most important childhood risk factors during childhood were disruptive child behaviour, criminality in the family, or low intelligence
    - - Types of programmes that have proved successful in addressing these risk factors
        
        Parent education
        
        Parent management training
        
        Child skills training
  - - - Three parts of this concept
        
        Surveillance
        
        Target hardening measures
        
        Env management
    - - Increasing formal surveillance using electronic alarms
      - CCTV
        
        5 million cameras in the U.K
        
        Active or passive monitoring
        
        Welsh and Farrington
        
        An average of 16 crimes were prevented with CCTV in place
      - Natural surveillance by removing obstacles for line of sight
      - Restrict access to tools of crime
        
        Anti Social Behaviour Act 2003 - Prohibited shops to sell spray paint to those under 16
      - Case study: Kirkholt burglary reduction project
        
        Improving household security and implementing a community support team in one of the most deprived housing estates in North England in the 80s
  - - - Mayor of NY in 90s modelled a campaign called the "quality of life" in which attention was focused on removing graffiti and stopping vandalism / targeted minor crime to stop major crimes from occurring
        
        Mayor Rudolph Guiliani
    - - Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships
        
        Commonly known as Community Safety Partnerships (CPS)
        
        2006 Police and Justice Act expanded the number of "responsible authorities" who should be engaged in these
        
        Case study: Blackpool CSP
        
        Identified 5 priority areas
        
        Antisocial behaviour
        
        Domestic abuse
        
        Violence against people
        
        Rape
        
        Child sexual exploitation
  - - - Deterrence (the prospect of being caught should stop people from comitting)
      - Legitimacy (the idea that the CJS can increase the system's legitness in the public's eyes)
      - Rehab
        
        (the offender's life can be turned around)
      - Incapacitation (prison works and encourages people to commit less crime)
      - DRIL
- - - - Broken window and control theory
    - - Zero tolerance policing and strong police presence in neighbourhoods with high levels of crime and deviance
      - Does not address wider social causes like LR does
      - Often assume that offenders will act rationally when committing crime, does not address the fact that some crimes are irrational and thrill-seeking
- - - - Feminists also say that the police need to deal with issues so that more women are encouraged to report these crimes, and so that men realise they are unable to get away with them anymore
  - - - Solutions to crime focus on how the presence of inequality in society has its largest impact on women, specifically W/C women, forcing them into prostitution, and that tackling the gender inequality in society means tackling female crime
    - - Focuses on the crimes committed by men against women in society, e.g domestic violence or rape
  - - - Growing choice in different identities and sexualities
      - More reliance on private control agencies and CCTV to control crime and reduce harm, rather than relying on formal agencies like the police force
- - - - Punishment is considered functional as it reassures individuals that those who commit crime will be punished, and that they cannot tilt the authority of the moral order of society
      - Two types of justice: restitutive and retributive
        
        Punishments which took the retribution approach often consisted of physical punishments, key component of a trad society (e.g death penalty)
        
        Restitutive punishments consisted of fines or imprisonment, used in modern society
  - - - Labeled the CJS as the RSA of capitalist societies, and the whole idea of punishment is to maintain the intentions of the ruling class over the prolatariat
    - - Types of punishments used by society were chosen in the economic interests of the ruling class, and that changes in penal policy reflected changes in the means of production
      - Prison regimes had to be less attractive compared to the life of the poorest of the non-convict prolatariat so that criminality did not seem like an effective way of life
      - Garland
        
        -
        
        Rusche et al had an "economic deterministic view of penal policy"
  - - - E.g going from the idea of punishment being a "public spectacle" (e.g public hangings or beheadings), to disciplining the prisoner
      - Used the prison design of the panopticon to explain how prisoners can be disciplined into not committing any wrong doings
        
        The main idea of the panopticon is that prisoners would not be sure if they were being watched from the central guard tower, and over time, prisoners would come to passively regulate their own behaviour out of fear of being observed
    - - Wrong to suggest that prison corrects prisoner's behaviour through observation, as instead most prisons are concerned with controlling the W/C
  - - - "culture of control"
        
        Attempt to reassure the populations that dramatically rising crime rates were under control by the CJS
    - - Use of developmental crime control stats where groups at risk of becoming criminals (e.g W/C or underclass groups) are identified at an early age, e.g implementation of Sure Start programmes
      - Intervention strats are put in place
      - Mass incarceration
    - - Challenged Garland's view
        
        Criminal policy had bcome more punitive in the U.K and U.S.A, suggesting it had become more complex and diverse
- - - - Anger
      - Anxiety
      - Depression
  - - - Consequences might include restrictions over movement
        
        Feminist theorists suggest that women have been restricted from going out at night due to fear of patriarchally based violence
  - - - The most violent physical attacks are against women by men
    - - Police are now beginning to take domestic violence more seriously, including rape
    - - Only 1/10 rape victims report the event to the police
    - - 13/13 Crime Survey for England and Wales suggests that those in ethnic minorities are more likely to be victims of crimes, possibly victims of crime from those of their own ethnicity (gang crime)
    - - Poorest parts of the W/C / underclass are most likely to be victims due to relative deprivation
- - - - Positivist victimology has pursued three major concerns
        
        Identification of factors in individuals or env that make them likely to be a victim
        
        An understanding of the dynamics of interpersonal crimes of violence (how the dynamics shape the links of crimes between people)
        
        How victims might individually contribute to their own victimisation
        
        Victim precipitation
    - - Ignores victims of corporate and green crimes, mostly focuses on rape
      - Tends to focus on immediate situational context of offending
  - - - Victim and offender has some form of interpersonal relationship
      - Series of escalating disagreements between the two parties
      - The victim had consumed alcohol
    - - Backs up Wolfgang's claims
      - "forcible rape"
      - Police recorded rapes in Philly in late 50's
        
        1/5 of these were victim precipitated
        
        Characteristics defining victim-precipitated rapes and non-victim-precipitated rapes
        
        Both victim and offender were white
        
        Victims between 15-19 years
        
        Both drunk
        
        Both met at a bar or a party
  - - - Age
      - Gender
      - Marital status
      - Race
  - - - Identified ways in which critical victimology challenges positivist victimology
        
        Focusing on the "hidden victims" of corporate and state crime
        
        Analysing processes of victim blaming
    - - Suggests that whether or not people are identified as victims on how closely they the resemble the "ideal victim"
        
        Characteristics that the victim needs in order to gain media sympathy
        
        Victim is wek
        
        The offender is unknown to the victim
        
        Victim is a victim of an intepersonal crime (crimes directly between people)
    - - Hillsborough disaster in Liverpool
        
        Victims were blamed for their own victimisation
        
        Suggested that they brought it upon themselves
        
        In 2016 is proved that the Liverpool had not contributed to a dangerous situation and those killed had been "unlawfully killed"