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Chemistry revision, climate - Coggle Diagram
Chemistry revision
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Periodic Table
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Protons, Neutrons and Electrons
The Protons and Electrons are always the same. You can find out the number of electrons by the atomic number.
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Shells are places where electrons orbit the nucleus. There are a maximum of 2 on the first shell and 8 on all shells after that.
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The number of electrons on the outermost shell can determine how reactive elements are. Group 1 and Group 7 are very reactive because the want to lose/gain electrons to get a full outershell
Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
For example Carbon has three isotopes - C12, C13 and C14. C12 is very common and has 6 neutrons, C13 has 7 neutrons and C14 has 8 neutrons. The average of them make the atomic mass meaning it is a decimal.
Calculate by adding the sum of the isotope multiplied by the abundance. E.g Cl35 time 75 + Cl 37 times 25 = atomic mass
Metals
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metal reactivity
Metal reactivity is how hard a metal reacts with a solution, water or an acid. These are all displacement reactions. Metals will not react with the above if they are less reactive than hydrogen or the metal involved in the solution
for example magnesium is more reactive. Than hydrogen so it will react with sulphuric acid but copper isn’t so it will not react.
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chemical reactions :)
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Fire extinguishers
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dry powder-blue is uitable for fires with solids, flammable liquids, flammable gases and electrical fires
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Wet-chemical is suitable for solids, flammable liquids, electrical fires and kitchen fires
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Valencies
Valency is the amount of electrons needed for an element to become stable. For example fluorine has 7 atoms in its last shell so it needs 1 more to be stable so its valency is 1.
Valency also reflects the amount of bonds an atom can make. So if calcium has a valency of 2 it can make 2 bonds. So if calcium (v=2) reacts with chlorine(v=1) than 2 chlorines would attach to one calcium so it would be CaCl2
climate
global warming:
this is a natural process that has been happening for millions of years but because of our recent increase in the production of carbon dioxide the process has been heightned at a rate that is too fast for the natural world to keep up
the heat from the sun reflects of the earths surface, which then bounces off the greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere meaning that the earth can retain more heat from the sun
the carbon released in the combustion of fossil fuels is realeased into the atmosphere, carbon is a greenhouse gas which means that it traps heat in a similar way that a greenhouse does, hence the name greenhouse effect
AcId Rain
one of the byproducts of hydrocarbon combustion is sulphur dioxide, this sulphur reacts with the water in our atmosphere and creats the strong acid, H2S04
this acid enters natural systems during rainfall being absorbed by natural plant life and animal life and raising ocean and local soil PH which literaly dissolves the different life from the inside and outside.
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