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CHEM 12, CATIONS WITH FLAME TEST, CATIONS IN SOLUTIONS (using aqueous…

- - - - FOR WATER
        
        USING ANHYDROUS COPPER (II) OR COBALT (II) CHLORIDE
      - FOR PH
        
        INDICATORS
        are substances that changes colour if they are put into an acid or alkaline solution
        
        UNIVERSAL INDICATOR
        is a mixture of indicator dyes. IT gives a range of colours, depending on the strength of the acid or alkali added
        
        PH METER
        wich uses an electrode to measure pH electrically
      - FOR GASES
        
        AMMONIA NH3
        TEST: hold damp red litmus paper in gas
        RESULT: Indicator paper turns blue
        
        CARBON DIOXIDE CO2
        TEST:bubble gas through limewater
        RESULT: white ppt. of calcium carbonate formed (milky)
        
        CHLORINE Cl2
        TEST: hold damp litmus paper in gas
        RESULT: indicator paper is bleached white
        
        OXYGEN O2
        TEST: hold a glowing wooden splint in gas
        RESULT: the splint re-lights
        
        HYDROGEN H2
        TEST: hold a lighted splint in gas
        RESULT: Hydrogen burns with a squeaky "pop"
      - FOR IONS
        
        ANIONS IN SOLUTIONS (precipitation reactions or gas producing reactions)
        
        CARBONATES CO2-3:
        carbonate + acid -> salt + carbon dioxide + water
        TEST: add diluted hydrochloric acid, test for carbon dioxide gas
        RESULT: carbon dioxide produced (test with limewater)
        
        SULFATES SO4-2:
        Ba+2 + SO4-2 -> BaSO4
        TEST: acidify with dilute nitric acid (or hydrochloric acid), then add barium nitrate solution
        RESULT: white precipitate of barium sulfate former
        
        CHLORIDE Cl- :
        AG+ + Cl- -> AgCl
        TEST:acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add aqueous silver nitrate
        RESULT: White precipitate of silver chloride former
        
        BROMIDE Br- :
        Ag+ + Br- -> AgBr
        TEST: acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add aqueous silver nitrate
        RESULT: cream precipitate of silver bromide former
        
        1 more item...
- - - - COPPER Cu+2
- - - - IRON Fe+3
        
        ZINC Zn +2