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Power and People The Early Modern - Coggle Diagram
Power and People
The Early Modern
Pilgrimage of Grace
Events
In 1536 the Lincolnshire rising took place, a spontaneous rebellion broke out and soon spread to Yorkshire. A lawyer from York called Robert Aske became the leader of the rebellion and decided to name it the pilgrimage of grace to make it seem less threatening to the King and they carried banners with the five wounds of Christ to demonstrate that their complaints were religious. 30,000 men marched on York, Hull, Beverly and Pontefract and they all joined the 'pilgrimage'. The rebels presented their demands in the Pontefract articles. The King was forced to negotiate and Henry met with Aske to listen to their demands, He agreed to them but had no intention of sticking to it. When the rebels rose again in January 1573 this gave Henry the excuse he needed and executed Aske and made an example of him.
Significance
In the short term poor people who relied on the monasteries suffered because Henry increased the speed at which he closed the monasteries consequently monks lost their livings or became priests but the nun often had nowhere to go and could not become priests. Many noble families made money out of closing the monasteries as they could sell the land.
In the long term the pilgrimage of Grace has established Henry VIII as a tyrant in History and left England without monasteries. England remains a Protestant country under the church of England with King Charles III at its head.
Causes
Henry VIII was a Catholic but he wanted to divorce his first wife Catherine of Aragon but the Pope said no, So Henry separated the English Church away from the authority of the pope. This made him lots of enemies all over Europe particularly in France. This meant he had to defend his southern coast from attack and he spent a fortune building new castles. To get the money for this he closed the monasteries. Poor people relied on the monasteries for pretty much everything so the people were angry. This was increased when there was rumours that there would be new taxes and the kings man would plunder the churches.
English Civil War
Events
August 1642 - The English Civil War started when Charles raised his flag declaring war on his own people in Nottingham. The people who supported Charles were called Cavaliers or Royalists. The people who supported parliament were called Roundheads. During the Civil War new ideas started to surface such as The Levellers who believed that everyone should be equal and Diggers who believed that property is theft. At the time people began to become worried about these new ideas and thought the world had turned upside down. In 1647 the Putney Debates took place and people discussed what should happen to the king and who will get the right to vote. Oliver Cromwell created the New Model Army to successfully fight the King.
Significance
The English Civil War was significant at the time because it resulted in the execution of King Charles I and lead England to becoming a republic. Oliver Cromwell is made a leader but not King, he is known as Lord Protector. Protestants gained Land and had support for their Religion while the Catholics were killed and supressed.
In The long term The English Civil War wasn't overly significant because England was only a republic for 11 years and then Charles II became King and England remains a constitutional monarchy. However over the next few decades the power of the King is reduced and the power of Parliament increases.
Causes
England was a Protestant country, with many people even being Puritans. Charles I was an unpopular king and he was married to a French Catholic. He tried to introduce ship money to everyone even if they didn't live by the sea. Charles ruled without Parliament for 11 years (1629-40). Parliament presented Charles with a list of demands in 1642 called the Grand Remonstrance, Charles tried to arrest 5 MPs while they were seated in Parliament. Archbishop Laud was also unpopular for being too catholic and Charles and him introduced a new prayer book which was very unpopular especially in Scotland.
The American war
of Independence
Events
The Boston Tea Party in December 1773 British tea was thrown into the harbour by the colonist. In 1776 The leaders of all 13 colonies came together and published the Declaration of Independence - Including John Adams and George Washington (George III was king of England at the time) The war of independence followed and the Americans were supported by the French with troops, ships and money. In 1781 the British surrendered at Yorktown.
Significance
In the short term Britain lost a lot of money, men and resources in the war. Relationships with France were also badly affected due to their support of the colonists. Parliament remained divided over the war but feared that ideas of Independence might spread to Britain itself and a few people began calling for a radical change to the British system.
In the long term England began to expand its colonies to Australia and New Zealand. America was replaced as the most important of Britain's colonies by India. Relations with America improved significantly and they became trading partners. The revolution had more significance in the long term as it influenced the chartist and suffragette movement.
Causes
After the seven years war between Britain and France extra British troops were sent to the colonies to protect them against the French and Native Americans. There was 13 colonies part of the British empire in America. Britain tried to enforce taxes and custom duties on America such as the 1763 Stamp Act. The Americans disagreed because they had no representatives in the Westminster Parliament, they set up the Stamp Act Congress in 1773 with the slogan "no taxation without representation". Britain retaliated with the Declaratory Act in 1766 which stated that they had absolute right to rule over the colonies. In 1776 Thomas Paine published 'Common Sense' which argued for American Independence and sold over 500,000 copies.