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Leadership of the Crusades, Louis VII and Conrad III, Richard I and…
Leadership of the Crusades
Second
Helped
Jerusalem plan- June 1148, decide to besiege Damascus, good plan because; Edessa already razed to ground so no point going North, and truce between Jerusalem and Damascus had just come to an end, allied w Nuradin now
Initial siege of Damascus- Conrad made good gains with his German crusaders, took the river and was able to establish a camp with water and food supplies outside the city. Initially in a very good place
Despite being Kings from different countries did work well together at the start, Louis had preparations made for him when arriving in Germany
Hindered
Mt. Cadmus attack, January 1148. Byzantine passed movements of French to Turks due to treaty Manuel I signed. Turks ambush French, Louis has to be saved by the Templars and passes authority over to them, heavily damages his military reputation
Byzantines- Manuel I signs Treaty of Konya with the Seljuk Turks - Mount Cadmus, failure to supply French with goods like promised, when they did $ 1st crusade had Taticius who gave directions and military support
Failure to consult the leaders of the crusader states- Edessa completely destroyed in 1146 but Conrad still trying to retake it in 1148, when found out took 4 months to get new objective. Led to long delays which were $
Rejection of the Antioch plan 1147 (take Aleppo and Shaizar neutralising the threat of Nuradin) due to Louis wanting to visit Jerusalem to fulfil vow to dead brother, resulted in no Antioch military support going forward, however was there for penance and to fulfil bro vow so he succeeded, crusading for wrong reason tho?
Lack of commitment by the leaders- Louis only joined as penance for burning church at Vitry, Conrad because political rival Welf had announced he was crusading. Leads to:
Siege of Damascus- July 1148, leaders move troops away from camp with food and water to focus on Eastern wall, no access to food or water, crusaders quickly exhausted and retreated 3 days later, horrible decision.
Third
Helped
Saladin Tithe- Started by Henry II raised large amounts of finance for the 3rd crusade
Richard and Philip combine at Acre, work well very effective use of siege machines, take Acre just 5 weeks after Rich arriving (despite Franks trying for 2 years)
Battle of Arsuf September 1191, organised effective march, gets into the thick of the fighting, leads to them taking Jaffa
Retaking of Jaffa- courageous leaping from boat and into water with small group of men. Almost single handedly retaking Jaffa
Skilled negotiator- Treaty of Jaffa, crusaders maintain territory on the coast, allowed christian pilgrimage to Jerusalem
Hindered
Rivalry of Richard and Philip, Richard went back on his word for marrying Philips sister Alice, issues with France threatening Richard's Norman borders. Philip conspiring against Rich with John? These issues most likely reason for why Philip left post Acre taking many troops with him
Delays at Cyprus and Sicily, although for Richard's personal gain the money collected was used to fund the crusade, Sale of Cyprus to Templars.
Failure to take Jerusalem, marched twice but neither times entered the city. Didn't understand the warfare of crusading?? and pushing for an invasion of Egypt to weaken Saladin. However supply lines not strong enough and thought couldn't hold city once took. Reality Saladin had fled the city and died shortly after Richard left the crusade.
First
Hindered
People's crusade 1096, group of peasants led by Peter the Hermit, slaughtered by the Muslim forces. Upset relation with the Byzantines who shipped them off to holy land quickly, this relation made Alexius force crusaders to sign oath, any land that used to belong to Byz back in exchange for help and supplies
Issues with the oath- delayed the crusade, divided the army (some had no issue signing, some did), alienated the Byz who had local knowledge
Infighting over land. Tancred of Hauteville and Baldwin of Boulogne leave crusade for land grab and end up fighting each other. Tancred back to crusade but Baldwin goes far East to Edessa and becomes Count (v. important man thus loss to crusade although Edessa very wealthy and he sent money to crusade effort, and big distraction to Kerbogha as tried to retake thus siege of Antioch success as doesn’t go)
Siege of Antioch Oct 1097- Tacticius (Byzantine General) returned home (potentially due to issue with oaths??), Stephen of Blois out of fear retreated to constantinople, convinced Alexius to not help crusaders at Antioch, divisions on wether to give Antioch back to Byzantines lead to 6 month delay, lack of direction during this leads to Raymond, Bohemond and Tancred all on land grab
Raymond of Toulouse replaced as leader by Godfrey of Bouillon (trying to steer crusaders to take control of Tripoli for personal gain) 2 had divided armies during the siege of Jerusalem
Helped
Siege of Nicaea May 1097. Council of princes formed, allowed for all leaders to work together and come to decisions jointly, blockade idea very successful and starves Nicaea out
First Crusade a success despite poor leadership due to weak muslims response
Bohemond of Taranto v.good@ Antioch Oct 1097, defeated 1,500 muslims at Antioch Lake despite being outnumbered, negotiated with man on the inside to get them in just before Kerbogha arrives, AND then when crusaders at all time low when surrounded by Kerbogha.. arranges troops well into organised structures and use of a rearguard allows for victory
Godfrey of Bouillon exceptional@ Jerusalem July 1099, aim of the crusade and only took 5 weeks. Godfrey flexible strategy to switch from West to North to East. Took part in the heart of the battle helping to raise morale and maintain commitment.
Crusaders all united despite divisions to defeat counter-attack at Ascalon, August 1099, however disputes between Godfrey and Raymond mean that they couldn't take the city leaving a muslim base for future attacks on Jerusalem
Louis VII and Conrad III
Richard I and Phillip II
Godfrey of Bouillon, Bohemond of Taranto, Raymond of Toulouse and others