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Chemistry - Coggle Diagram

- - - - most to least reactive
        
        More reactive metals can displace less reactive metals in solutions
        
        displacement reactions
        
        exothermic reactions
        
        thermite reaction
        
        between metal oxide and reactive (more than the metal in the oxide) metal
        
        type of exothermic reaction
        
        used for welding rails
        
        releases energy (usually heat) to the surroundings
        
        opposite is endothermic reaction
        
        Using carbon
        
        carbon can extract metals from their ores
        
        forms or carbon
        
        1 more item...
        
        in a blast furnace
        
        Usually oxides, hydroxides and dilute acids
        
        Metal + Oxygen → Metal oxide
        
        Metal + Water → Metal hydroxide + Hydrogen gas
        
        Metal + Dilute acid → Salt + Hydrogen gas
      - The particle size of a metal affect its reactivity
        
        Smaller metal particles are more reactive because they have a larger surface area to volume ratio
        
        Metal reactivity
        
        Increases from right to left
        Increases from top to bottom
        
        Non-metal reactivity
        
        Increases from left to right
        Increases from bottom to top
- - - - so the metal must be more reactive than hydrogen to displace it and form a salt
      - hydrochloric acid -> chlorides
        sulfuric acid -> sulfates
        nitric acid -> nitrates
        carbonic acid -> carbonates
        citric acid -> citrates
        
        formulae
        
        If an acid has hydrogen but no oxygen, it starts with "hydro-" and their salts end with "ide"
        
        If it has both oxygen and hydrogen, it ends with "-ic" or "-ous" and in their salts it ends with "-ate" or "-ite"
        
        "-ite" means one less oxygen atom than "-ate" for the same element
      - Properties of acids
        
        ph scale 0-6
        
        turn blue litmus red
        
        universal indicator solution red or yellow
        
        sour
        
        can cause burn to skin
        
        high hydrogen concentration
- - - - Salts formed during the neutralisation reaction are always neutral in nature
      - Alkalis are made from bases
        
        bases are metal oxides
        
        soluble metal oxides can dissolve in water and make an alkaline solution
- - - - During chemical reactions, atoms make new combinations
        
        the atoms we start with will always be the same atoms we end with
        
        sometimes gases may escape and decrease the mass. To stop this we can use a stopper
        
        When we heat things in a crucible, the lid is opened every once in a while to introduce oxygen
        
        if the lid isn't open, the substance inside will change phases (solid → liquid → gas)
        
        it will increase in mass because of the added oxygen
        
        Found by
        Antoine Lavoisier