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Refs, Antihelmintics(chemotherapeutic drugs), Micro vs macro, Ivermectin…

- - - - spread of the disease was probably an inevitable consequence of the intense trade relations along the coasts of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean
      - epidemiological data indicate that the most essential animal vector for further distribution of the plague in central and northern Europe was probably the human louse (Pediculus humanis), instead of the oriental (or tropical) rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis
      - (Ditrich, 2017)
        
        Notwithstanding some seasonality, body lice would be transported and transferred rather independently of outside temperatures.
        
        The speed of spread would be roughly equivalent to human travel speed.
        
        No intermediate hosts, and therefore no widespread deaths of rats or presence of plague reservoirs in European rodents, are required.
    - - mosquitoes-Aedes aegypt
        
        (Reinhold et al., 2018)
        
        "can live in a large and eclectic array of ecosystems, from tropical forests to urban areas and tundra"
        
        (Srivastava et al., 2024)
        
        "In rural zones, the virus is propagated by other mosquito species that reproduce in natural reservoirs such as tree holes, leaf axils, and ground puddles"
        
        "Environmental elements such as temperature, precipitation, and altitude significantly influence the disease’s distribution"
        
        "Ae. aegypti is endophilic (i.e., taking shelter inside houses) and endophagic (i.e., blood-feeding inside houses), but also moves between indoor and outdoor spaces"
        
        "continuous breeding is tightly linked to higher Ta, and these mosquitoes will typically not survive winter as an adult under cold climatic conditions but rather overwinter at the egg stage"
        
        however, winter population found-(Lima et al., 2016)
        
        "Overall, our data support a conclusion that this represents a resident WDC population, likely maintained during winter months in a subterranean habitat that facilitates year-round survival"
      - (PAHO, n.d.)
        
        "Yellow fever is difficult to diagnose, especially during the early stages. A more severe case can be confused with severe malaria, leptospirosis, viral hepatitis (especially fulminant forms), other haemo"
  - - - how Giardia survives with two nuclei and how it goes through its life cycle as a noninvasive organism in the hostile environment of the lumen of the host intestine
      - which range from asymptomatic to persistent diarrhea and weight loss, and longer-term sequelae that include growth stunting in children who had no obvious symptoms and a high frequency of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
  - - - remained the leading cause of death in children under five years of age and pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa and other endemic countries
    - - "In P. falciparum the cause of the most lethal human malaria, chloroquine resistance is linked to multiple mutations in PfCRT, a protein that likely functions as a transporter in the parasite’s digestive vacuole membrane"
        
        "Chloroquine’s efficacy is thought to lie in its ability to interrupt hematin detoxification in malaria parasites as they grow within their host’s red blood cells"
        
        "Hematin is released in large amounts as the parasite consumes and digests hemoglobin in its digestive food vacuol"
        
        "Chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum survives by reducing accumulation of the drug in the digestive vacuole "
      - diversity in malaria strains
        
        "chloroquine treatment. P. vivax which also causes human malaria, appears to differ from P. falciparum in its mechanism of chloroquine resistance"
      - vestor-mosquito control
        
        "mosquito control brought about by the discovery of DDT"
- - - - Many benzimidazole derivatives display antiproliferative effects through the induction of the apoptosis pathway
      - hybrid structures
    - - toxicity and potential carcinogenicity
      - inhibition of the energy metabolism and influence on glucose uptake or inhibition of the polymerization of tubulins to microtubules
    - - they have the role of lipid soluble proton conductors in artificial (phospholipid bilayer) and natural (rat liver mitochondria) membrane systems according to the research of McCracken and Stilwell
- - - - while several studies published after year 2000 found ERPs to be 5 weeks for both compounds
        
        (Nielsen et al., 2022)
        
        To address these questions, 36 horses at pasture, aged 2–5 years old, were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: 1, moxidectin; 2, ivermectin; and 3, untreated control
        
        (LEC_Reductions of less than 95% score as clinical
        resistance)
        
        At 5 weeks PT, adulticidal efficacy was 88.3% and 57.6% for moxidectin and ivermectin, respectively, while the efficacy against luminal L4s was 0% for both drugs.
        
        luminal fourth-stage larvae of cyathostomin nematodes in horses