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Probiotics, Prebiotics, Gut Microbiota and Health, Postbiotics, Synbiotics…
Probiotics
Criteria
- Acid and bile tolerance
- Adhesion to mucosal and epithelial surfaces
- Antimicrobial against pathogenic bacterial activity
- Bile salt hydrolase activity
Candidate probiotic strain
- Characterized
- Safe
- Min one positive human study or species with recognized benefits
- Product delivers dose viable until end of shelf life
Definition
- Added live bacteria
- Survive food processing and the shelf life
- Adequate amount
- Recognized health benefit on the host
- Yogurt
Food sources
- Probiotic foods, drinks, and dietary supplements
- Fermented foods
Microoganism
- Lactic acid bacteria
- Bifidobacterium spp.
- Escherichia coli
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Mechanism of action
- Gut microbiota modulation
- Epithelial barrier function
- Immune system modulation
- Systemic metabolic responses
- CNS signaling
Health promoting effects
- Widespread
- Colonization resistance
- Regulation of intestinal transit
- Increased turnover of enterocytes
- Competitive exclusion of pathogens
- Acid and SCFA production
- Frequent (species level)
- Vitamin synthesis
- Gut barrier reinforcement
- Neutralization of carcinogens
- Enzymatic activity
- Rare
- Neurological, immunological, endocrinological effects
Prebiotics
Mechanism of action
- Bacterial fermentation in colon
- Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs):
Acetate, propionate, butyrate
Local health effects - gut
- Improve gut function
- Reduce toxin exposure
- Colorectal cancer
- Pathogen colonization
- Constipation and diarrhea
Systemic health effects - whole body
- Bone health
- Immunsystem
- Cardiometabolism
- Mental health (brain function)
Health effects
- Confirmed in studies in target host
- Mediated by microbiota
Definition
- FOOD/substrate for resident bacteria
- Reach large intestine undigested by enzymes
- Selectively utilized by host bacteria
- Health benefit on the host
- Eg bifidobacteria -> increase in nr
What is considered prebiotic
- Inulin
- Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS)
- Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS),
- Lactulose
Food sources
- Plant based foods
- Not all dietary fibers
- Mushrooms, oats, apple
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Postbiotics
Definition
- Preparations of inanimate MO / their components -> health benefits
- Composition
- Inanimate cells
- Microbial cell fragments: membranes
- Metabolites, end products: peptides, enzymes etc
Criteria
- From MO, but not necessarily from probiotic
- Terminated cell viability
- Microbial cells / components with/without metabolites
- Health benefit in host
- Safe
- No vaccines, Viruses
Beneficial effects
- Administered at a host surface; oral cavity, gut, skin etc
- Safe for the intended use
- Benefit confirmed in target host
Synbiotics
Definition
- Mixture of live MO + substrates
- Selectively utilized by host MO
- Health benefit
Complementary
- Probiotics and prebiotics work independently -> health benefits
Synergic
- Substrate specifically enhance the co-administered MO
- On its own, the MO doesn't need to meet criteria of probiotic
- On its own, substrate doesn't need to meet criteria of prebiotic
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