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19th-Century England: Society, Class, and Lifestyle - Coggle Diagram
19th-Century England: Society, Class, and Lifestyle
Industrial Revolution
Shift from Agriculture to Industry: primarily agrarian to industrial, with manufacturing becoming the driving force
Machines and Factories:steam engine revolutionized production, improving efficiency
Labor Exploitation: Workers, including women and children, faced long hours, low wages, and dangerous working conditions
Rise of Social Movements:The working class began organizing for better wages, working hours, and living conditions
Social Class Divides
Upper Class
Royal Family, Viscounts, Earls and Countesses, Dukes and Duchesses, and other titled individuals
Titles, homes, and wealth were inherited from family members.
No need for formal jobs as they managed family estates.
Men often inherited a seat in the House of Lords, enabling them to vote on political matters.
Owned both country estates and homes in London.
Boys: Attended boarding school from age 7.
Girls: Educated at home by a governess.
Eldest sons: Learned to manage the family estate and oversee tenant farmers.
Younger sons: Typically entered the army, navy, or church.
Girls: Expected to marry men from similar social backgrounds and have children.
Working Poor
majority of the population (75%) in Britain, known as commoners.
Earned little money, paid only for hours worked.
Work was typically physical, including jobs like: Farm laborer, sailor, fisherman, mine worker, building laborer, docker, factory worker, servant.
Women worked despite having children to help support the family.
Jobs were easily lost if someone became ill or injured, as replacements were readily available.
Working-class people rented their homes due to insufficient income to buy property.
Housing size depended on earnings, often leading to slum living conditions, especially in cities.
Could not vote as they did not own land or pay enough in rent.
Education was not considered necessary for careers like servant or miner.
Working-class young adults typically married within their class, perpetuating the cycle of poverty.
Child Labor
The Need for Cheap Labor
Great Britain's industrialization required a large, cheap workforce.
Lenient labor laws made children an ideal source of workers.
By 1830, children made up 50% of the workforce.
Working Conditions
Children with parents began working between the ages of 9 and 14, while orphans were put to work as young as 4.
Children worked long hours (12 to 16 hours a day) for very low wages, often earning one-eighth of the salary of adults.
Orphans and extremely impoverished children were bought by factory owners and forced into contracts, often until age 21.
Children lived in overcrowded, filthy buildings on factory property.
Legislation
In 1833, the first Factory Act was passed, limiting work to a 15-hour day.
Over the next 30 years, six additional acts were passed to improve working conditions for children, including the Fair labor Standards Act
Dangerous Jobs
Children were often stripped of most clothing and chained to coal carts, working in dangerous conditions.
Children worked in match factories, dipping matches in phosphorous, leading to rotting teeth and death from inhaling toxic fumes.
Children were also employed as chimney sweepers and day laborers in the fields.
Boys and girls as young as five worked in coal mines due to their small size.
Trappers: Children responsible for holding doors open to allow coal wagons through, a hazardous job.
Health and Safety
Children were often trapped in cramped, poorly ventilated rooms with coal-fueled machines, increasing health risks.
Children frequently ate within the dust-filled factories, leading to respiratory diseases. Accidents were common, including scalping, maiming, and fatalities from falling asleep at machines.
Education
Belonged mostly to churches
Many groups had campaigned for more and better education,
Before 1870: elementary school was mostly provided( the Church of England's National Society, the nonconformist British and Foreign School Society).
between 1870 and 1902: there were some changes
elementary school: free and compulsory
state elementary and secondary school: established and central goverment control increased
Sunday schools( cgurch or chapel): won popularity
oportunity for children from poor families: basic learning( ability to read)
Factory reformers wated to limit childrens workinghours
1833: New legislation: Restriction of employment of chidren in factories
Build up of increasing concern
1834: Report on poor law( " Duty to promote the religious and moral education of the labouring classes")