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memory part 2 A01 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Demonstrated retroactive interference, gave ppts a list of nonsense syllables to memorise and after a retention period either without a retention task or involving and intervening task asked ppts to recall
      - performance was negatively impacted when ppts were given intervening task between initial learning and recall. intervening task produced retroactive interference
  - - - analysed findings from a number of studies, concluded that when ppts learned multiple word lists they did not learn the words lists later on in the sequence as well as the ones they learnt earlier in the sequence
      - if ppts memorised 10 or more lists then after 24 hrs recall was about 20% but if they only learnt one list recall was over 70%
- - - - proposed that memory is most effective if information that was present at the time of recall is also available at the time of retrieval (thompson)
      - found that ppts recalled 40% words uncued recall and 60% when given cues (pearson)
  - - - scuba divers asked to learn words either on land or underwater and then asked to recall the words on land or underwater
      - recall was highest when the initial learning environment matched the recall environment (learning on land and retrieving on land)
- - - - showed 45 students 7 different videos of traffic accidents, after each film participants were given a questionnaire, one group of ppts had the question 'how fast were the cars going when they hit each other' and the other group had the same question but the verb was replaced with either 'smashes, collided, bumped or contacted'
      - they found that the leading question affected ppts responses, ppts given the verb 'smashed' reported a higher speed than those given the verb 'contacted'
  - - - showed pairs of ppts a video of a crime from different perspectives (they were told they had seen the same video). they were told to discuss the video (post event discussion) and then recall what they had witnessed. 71% incorrectly recalled items that had been acquired in the discussion
      - shows how post event discussion could either lead to the conformity effect or contamination, social desirability bias (conformity effect)
- - - - asked ppts to sit in a waiting room where they heard an argument in an adjoining room, in condition 1 (low anxiety) a confederate walked out the room holding a pen covered in grease and in condition 2 (high anxiety) confederate walked out the room holding a knife covered in blood
      - when ppts were asked to identify the man 49% accuracy for low anxiety and 33% accuracy high anxiety. when ppts eye movements were monitored it was found that in high anxiety situations eyes were physically drawn towards the weapon and away from other things so anxiety reduces the accuracy of EWT
  - - - questioned witnesses to a bank robbery. were either bystanders or victims/bank tellers interviews were conducted 4-15 months after the robbery
      - all witnesses had an accurate recall (above 75%) however the witnesses in the higher anxiety situations had the most accurate recall. anxiety doe snot reduce the accuracy of EWT