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ANTICIPATION SKILL - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Ball transit time: ~1200 ms.
      - Receiver’s movement time: ~900 ms.
      - Latency time: ~160 ms.
      - Total preparation time exceeds ball travel time, requiring reliance on kinematic cues and early ball flight information.
    - - Ball transit time: ~425 ms.
      - Goalkeeper (GK) movement time: ~625 ms.
      - Decision point: ~400 ms before ball contact.
- - - - Short-pitched ball: 400 ms.
      - Good length ball: 160 ms.
      - Over-pitched ball: <100 ms.
      - Experts could adjust to deviations on ‘short’
        deliveries but not on ‘good length’ ones
  - - - experimental paradigms
        
        temporal occlusion - stopping the video at different points, to make a decision before you know what happens (when)
        
        Abernethy (1990)
        
        Experts much better than just chance when watching squash video
        
        Muller et al., 2006
        
        Found high-skilled able to predict over chance
        
        High-skilled vs Intermediate vs Low-skilled batsmen
        
        Swing bowler (inswinger vs outswinger; short vs full)
        
        Vision occluded at back foot impact (BFI), front foot impact (FFI), ball release (R), no occlusion (NO)
        
        Low-skilled get underneath chance
        
        spatial occlusion - show the whole video up to key point but remove key aspects like a body part (what info is being used)
        
        Jackson & Mogan (2007)
        
        during tennis serve - removed lower body/arm&racket/ball/whole body
        
        without the ball - lowest correct prediction
        
        Expertise effect retained when whole body removed (only ball and head visible)
        
        suggests, arm&racket and ball support anticipation
        
        visual/auditory manipulations - neutralise
        
        Sors et al., 2018
        
        21 skilled (Amateur League) volleyball players
        
        making depth judgements - Accuracy higher for ‘audio only’ than ‘video monly’, which was not above chance level
      - analysis of visual gaze - visual attention
        
        Savelsbergh et al., 2002
        
        research on goalkeepers using joystick responses to penalties
        
        Experts focused more on the head early in run up
        
        Experts focused more on the non-kicking leg and ball just before contact
      - analysis of kinematics
        
        constraints attunement hypothesis - high level performers should be attunted to biomechanical constraints
      - verbal reports
        
        Can provide rich information about the range of sources and associated strategies
        
        But…
        
        We are not necessarily aware of what the brain is attuned to (e.g., kinematics)
        
        Recall may be inaccurate, incomplete, or biased
      - video analysis of competitive interactions
- - - - using 8 male ATP tour players
      - Expert players were much more effective at using contextual cues to predict shot direction compared to novice players