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CRIME AND DEVIANCE (3) - PERSPECTIVES ON PUNISHMENT - Coggle Diagram
CRIME AND DEVIANCE (3) - PERSPECTIVES ON PUNISHMENT
FUNCTIONALISM
DURKHEIM
punishment = ↑ social solidarity
functions of punishment
outlet for anger + disapproval
reasserts boundaries/ social order
strengthens collective values
reinforces social control
CRITICISMS
assumes laws reflect value consensus
ignores inequalities in wealth + power
MARXISM
laws = ruling-class ideology
althusser
: repressive state apparatus through repressive physical means to make people behave - police, prisons
unequal distribution of power = unequal distribution of punishment
cjs, media focus on w/c crime to divert from m/c crime attention attention
powerful escape punishment/ are treated leniently
CRITICISMS
can't see all punishments in favour of m/c
w/c fill prisons because they do the most harmful offences
INTERACTIONISM
punishment→ negative labelling
punishment causes stigma + master status, which is difficult to rid
labelling→ self-fulfilling prophecy
even without a deviant career, the label is difficult to take away
this is because they have a formal + public label
CRITICISM
too deterministic - a negative label could be seen as status, encouraging crime
too deterministic - a label won't always affect an individual; they could simply ignore it, or thrive off it (as aforementioned)
RIGHT REALISM
makes risks > rewards
severe punishment more effective
harsher sentencing
key deterrent = prison
LEFT REALISM
prison combined w/ restorative justice is more effective
offenders can do reparation/ mediation
home office: rj benefits 80% of victims
offenders 27% less likely to reoffend with mediation
CRITICISMS
less than 1% of victims have access to rj
stats for lower reoffending following rj are still relatively low