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RULINGS: WARLORDS - Coggle Diagram
RULINGS: WARLORDS
COMPARISON TO OTHER ERAS
SIMILARITIES
- Qing: both had 0 democracy + (connects better to Yuan) both shared imperial powers
DIFFERENCES
- Mao: provincial government VS authoritarian-dictator + Mao embraced centralised power VS rejection + strong, complete support VS varied + heavily limited democracy VS none
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EVENTS
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- May 4th Movement (1919): China expected allies would help them in return for WW1 support by returning Shandong from Germany, cancelling the 21 Demands, and withdrawing foreign concessions. Allies favoured Japan's superior strength so gave them Shandong in Treaty of Versailles (1919), and allowed 21 Demands and concession zones to remain which sparked Chinese outrage. Chinese protested against this on May 4th 1919, starting with students before becoming a national movement. Arranged anti-Japanese boycotts and attacked gov ministers blamed for this. Sparked a new period of Anti-Western/Japanese feeling. China used Western ideas to strengthen themselves against West/Japan- held lectures at Uni of Beijing on Science and Democracy (promoted by characters of 'Mr Science' and 'Mr Democracy'). Cult of Science began. Written language modernized. New subjects (Economics and Sociology) studied. Western tech used in factories studied- empirical methods prioritised. Lectures promoted new political ideas e.g. nationalism, republicanism, and communism- helped nationalist, republican (GMD) and CCP to strengthen. Sun wanted to capitalise on this.
- The GMD and CCP: GMD grew under warlords. Whampoa Academy set up. Many believed in Communist ideas- Sun's 3 principles (nationalism, democracy, welfare). Russia helped GMD spread Communism, giving back land to China and tried to gain GMD favour (GMD leaders trained in Moscow). Comintern (communists meetings) accepted GMD. Russia gave GMD weapons/sent agents to help set up CCP in southern China caves. China didnt have enough urban workers for a whole communist revolution to work- Russia implored their patience and refused to help seize power. They continued to help the more powerful GMD who'd later carry out a capitalist revolution, followed by a communist revolution. They encouraged CCP and GMD to unite.
- 30th May Incident (1925): Shanghai factory workers shot by Japanese factory guards. Crowd protested near concession zone- 12 killed by order of British Commander. CCP and GMD encouraged further strikes/riots + convinced public of necessary force to overcome foreign influence adn defeat warlords to unite China against West. Guangzhou/Shanghai became impossible to govern. Sun dies and Jiang Jieshi replaces him.
- Northern Expedition (1926): triggered by 30th May Incident (1925). United Front (mostly ex-warlord soldiers) marched North to defeat 3 warlords. This defeat would unite China, strenghtening them against the West. Supplied by Russia. Encountered little resistance + had support from locals. Mao was particularly effectiev at encouraging peasant support. Communists organised strikes/boycotts/sabotage. Remaining warlords were likely paid off or worked for GMD as local leaders.
KEY FIGURES
- General Duan: emerged as premier following Beijing conflict, tried to rule under similar Republican gov but failed
- Pigtailed General: Manchu warlord
- Sun Yatsen: returned from Japan, army wasnt loyal to him and rejected Duan's directions. Died in 1925
- Model Governer: introduced reforms to help working conditions
- Jiang Jieshi: emerged as new leader of GMD following Sun's death in1925
- Christian General: wanted followers to be Christian, baptised them with a firehose
- Dogmeat General: ground enemies into dogmeat and said to have smashed his opponents heads like watermelons
- Yuan Shikai: died of stomach cancer