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Biological Molecules - Coggle Diagram
Biological Molecules
Monomers, Polymers and Monosaccharides
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Disaccharides
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Hydrolysis Reactions
Work in the reverse of condensation reactions and the glycosidic bond can be broken by adding water to the reaction
Starch, Glycogen and Cellulose
Starch
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Amylose
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An unbranched polymer of alpha glucose (connected by 1-4 glycosidic bonds) : this means that amylose is more compact allowing plants to store a large amount of glucose in a small volume. Because it has only two accesible ends breakdown is slower making it suitable long term
Amylopectin
Branched - increased surface area, faster energy release
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Amylopectin is a branched polymer of alpha glucose with 1-4 glycosidic bonds at the linear points and 1-6 glycosidic bonds at the branched point. Multiple terminal ends which enables quicker glucose release and it useful when energy is required rapidly - germination
Glycogen
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Contains both 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds, the 1-4 are at the linear parts whilst the 1-6 are at the branched points
Serves as a storage form of glucose in animals, providing a readily available energy source when needed
Because of glycogens highly branched structure; there are multiple terminal ends where enzymes can simultaneously break down glycogen into glucose, this enables rapid glucose release during times of energy demand
Cellulose
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Made up of 1-4 glycosidic bonds, cellulose is a long unbranched polymer
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Cellulose forms long,straight chains. These chains can lie parallel to each allowing hydrogen bonds to form between chains. This forms microfibrils; which bundle to form microfibres . These fibres give strength to cellulose cell walls
Lipids
Triglycerides
Triglycerides are formed via a condensation reaction between one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid
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Phospholipids
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Feature of Phospholipids
Hydrophillic head, which can attract water
Charged head, repels other fats
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Phospholipid Bilayer
Ultimately polar, hydrophillic tail
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Hydrophoillic head faces outward, whilst the hydrophillic tail faces inward
This relates to the bilayer's function as it can act as a selectively permeable membrane, which prevents all water soluble molecules from entering, letting nonpolar molecules (like oxygen and carbon dioxide) pass through easily
