Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
HISTORY OF ENGLISH - Coggle Diagram
HISTORY OF ENGLISH
PIE
MORPHOLOGY
8 cases (instrumental, locative, vocative, ablative, ...)
-
-
-
-
VOCABULARY
Numbers: oi-no- ‘one’, dwo ‘two’, trei- ‘tree’, dekm
Body parts:kaput- ‘head’, ped- ‘foot’, *genu- ‘knee’
Nature: ster- ‘star’, leuk- ‘light’, nekw-t- ‘night’, sneigwh- ‘snow’
Familiy: mater- ‘mother’, dhugɘter- ‘daughter’
Flora/fauna: deru-/dreu- ‘tree’, bhago- ‘beech’, *ekwo-‘horse’
-
-
MIDDLE ENGLISH
PHONOLOGY
-
-
Vowels
-
Stressed
• /ae/ to /a/
• /y/ to unrounded /i/
• e.g. bryd to bride
• e.g. claene to clene
• e.g. ban to bon
-
Lengthening
• Before ld, mb, nd, rd, ng. E.g. child [tSIld] > child [tSI:ld] (but: no lengthening when third consonant followed: children!)
• Lengthening of a, e, and o in open syllables of disyllabic words: OE name [nAmE] > ME name [nA:mɘ]
Shortening;
• Before other consonant clusters: e: > E cepte ke:ptE > ME cept [kEpt]
• In the first syllable of a trisyllabic word: OE hæligdæg ¯ [hæ:lIjdæj] > ME halidai [hAlIdEi]
-
MORPHOLOGY
-
-
-
-
Declension nouns: loss of vowel quality at the end of words, loss of nasalised endings, case syncretism.
Declension adjectives: loss of weak vs. strong distinction (except in monosyllabic adjectives ending in a consonant e.g. yong(e).
Declension prepositions: conversion, compounding, borrowing
Declension pronouns: thou, he, she, it
-
-
SYNTAX
-
-
-
Noun phrase: articles, -of possessive, postpositions, group poss.
Verb phrase: present perfect tense, analytical passive, subj. verb 'may', future tensen, further development of progressive
OLD ENGLISH
SYNTAX
-
-
Cases for functions (gen.: possessive, adverbial, measurement)
PHONOLOGY
Consontants
w, b, d, m, l, t and p similar as in PDE.
-
-
-
-
-
-
h: [h] initially, [x] (voiceless velar fricative) after back vowels; ç after front vowels:
-
g: [j] before, between and finally after a front vowel, [g] before consonants, back vowels and front vowels; [G] between back vowels and after /l/ or /r/.
-
-
-
-
MORPHOLOGY
-
-
-
Declension nouns: -es and ‘s, limited declension!
-
Declension verbs: 2 tenses and voices, 3 moods! Irregular verbs!
Declension pronouns: dualis, no she or they (rather heo, hie)
VOCABULARY
-
-
-
Borrowing: Celtic, Latin, Scandivanian
PGMC
MORPHOLOGY
6 cases (ablative, dative and locative merge into dative)
-
-
-
-
-
-
VOCABULARY
Nothing mentioned, similiar to PIE
-
-
EARLY MODERN ENGLISH
-
-
PHONOLOGY
Consonants
Post-vocalic consonants of /h/, [ç], [x], disappear of become [f].
-
-
-
Loss of [g] in [ŋg], making [ŋ] a phoneme
• /d/ > /ð/ following primary stress and preceded by /r/. Not in loans from French, e.g. modern.
-
VOCABULARY
Borrowing
Latin: rheumatism, sporadic
French: delicatesse, prelude
-
-
-
-
-
