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Animals - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Deuterostomia
        
        Chordata (lancelets, tunicates, vertebrates)
        
        Animals with a backbone
        
        Echinodermata (sea stars, sea urchins)
        
        Asteroidea (sea stars and sea daisies)
        
        Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
        
        Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
        
        Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)
        
        Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
      - Ecdysozoa
        
        Nematoda (roundworms)
        
        lack circulatory system, longitudinal
        
        is found in most aquatic habitats, in the soil, in moist tissues of plants, and in body fluids and tissues of animals
        
        Trichinella spiralis (a parasite that can be acquired
        by humans from undercooked pork )
        
        Caenorhabditis elegans ( a soil nematode that has
        become a model research organism )
        
        Arthropoda (spiders, centipedes, crustaceans, and insects)
        
        open circulatory system
        
        major lineages
        
        Chelicerates (sea spiders, horseshoe crabs,
        scorpions, ticks, mites, and spiders)
        
        Myriapods (centipedes and millipedes)
        
        Millipedes: Eat decaying leaves, many legs (two pairs per segment).
        
        Centipedes: Carnivores, poisonous claw for paralyzing prey and defense.
        
        Pancrustaceans (lobsters and other crustaceans, as
        well as insects and their relatives)
      - Lophotrochozoa
        
        Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
        
        Dorsoventrally flattened acoelomates with either a gastrovascular cavity or no digestive system.
        
        Syndermata (rotifers and acanthocephalans)
        
        Pseudocoelomates include rotifers, which have an alimentary canal (a complete digestive system with a mouth and anus) and specialized jaws called trophi. Acanthocephalans are parasitic and infect vertebrates.
        
        Lophophorates: Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda
        
        Coelomates with lophophores
        
        Mollusca (clams, snails, squids)
        
        Coelomates with foot, visceral mass, mantle, and usually a calcium carbonate shell.
        
        Annelida (segmented worms)
        
        Coelomates with segmented bodies and unsegmented digestive tracts.
    - - oldest group
      - have true tissue
      - body plan
        
        sessile polyp
        
        motile medusa
        
        diploblastic
        
        gastrovascular cavity
      - carnivores
        
        use tentacles
        
        cnidocytes
        
        Nematocysts
  - - - live in marine and fresh water
    - - different cell types
        
        Choanocytes
        
        flagellated collar cells
        
        Amoebocytes
        
        totipotent cells
- - - - Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders that exhibit four key
        derived characters of chordates
    - - cyclostomes: jawless vertebrates
        
        Myxini (hagfishes) and Petromyzontida (lampreys)
        
        Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reduced vertebrae; hagfishes have a skull, brain, and sensory organs; lampreys feed by attaching to fish and ingesting blood.
        
        Urochordata (tunicates)
        
        Marine suspension feeders; larvae show chordate traits.
      - Gnathostomes: hinged jaws, four sets of Hox genes
        
        Chondrichthyes(sharks, rays, skates, ratfishes)
        
        Aquatic gnathostomes with a cartilaginous skeleton, derived from the reduction of an ancestral mineralized skeleton.
        
        Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
        
        Aquatic gnathostomes with a bony skeleton and ray-supported maneuverable fins.
        
        Osteichthyans: bony skeleton
        
        Lobe-fins: muscular fins or limbs
        
        Actinistia (coelacanths)
        
        Ancient lineage of aquatic lobefins still surviving in Indian Ocean
        
        Dipnoi (lungfishes)
        
        Freshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills; sister group of tetrapods.
        
        Tetrapods: four limbs, neck, fused pelvic girdle
        
        Amphibia (salamanders, frogs, caecilians)
        
        Have four limbs from modified fins; moist skin for gas exchange; live both in water (larvae) and on land (adults).
        
        Amniotes: amniotic egg, rib cage ventilation
        
        Reptilia (tuataras, lizards and snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds)
        
        1 more item...
        
        Mammalia (monotremes, marsupials, eutherians)
        
        1 more item...
  - - - brain
      - spinal cord
    - - Suspension-feeding structures in many invertebrate
        
        chordates
        
        § Gas exchange in vertebrates (except vertebrates with
        
        limbs, the tetrapods)
        
        § Develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck in
        
        tetrapods
  - - - Upright posture and bipedal locomotion
        
        Larger brains capable of language, symbolic thought, artistic
        
        expression, and the manufacture and use of complex tools
        
        Reduced jawbones and jaw muscles
        
        Shorter digestive tract
    - - descended from African ancestors
        
        fossils found at two different sites in Ethiopia and include
        
        specimens that are 195,000 and 160,000 years old
        
        fossils of Homo sapiens outside Africa date back about 115,000
        
        years and are from the Middle East