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ISLAM: THEME 1 - RELIGIOUS FIGURES AND SACRED TEXTS (AO1)(KHADIJA'S) -…
ISLAM: THEME 1 - RELIGIOUS FIGURES AND SACRED TEXTS (AO1)(KHADIJA'S)
SOURCES OF SHARI'A
DEFINITION
literal - taking nearest route to oasis of fresh water
otherwise known as islamic law - most muslims agree rules + laws in islam should be based on several sources
[QUR'AN 4:80]
- "He who obeys the Messenger, obeys Allah."
FIQH
how islamic law is interpreted
way of understanding in detail + depth - the nearest understanding of Allah (SWT)'s laws
150 yrs after Muhammad (SAW) died, scholars made rulings which became known as books of fiqh
different opinions, but their methods of using qur'an + sunnah were important, and likewise w/ sunni/ shi'a perspectives
schools of fiqh
sunni
hanifi
shafi'i
maliki
hanbali
shi'a
jafari
zaidiyyah
ismaili
QUR'AN
direct word of God, but doesn't contain details for day-to-day practices
tells muslims to obey Muhammad (SAW), therefore justifying sunnah
unquestionable - described as 'fundamental and paramount' by abdel haleem
SUNNAH + HADITH
sunnah - how Muhammad (SAW) did things; his message, sayings, actions - a template for all muslims
sunnah includes how to perform hajj, how he ate his food, wore his clothes, speak politely + kindly
hadith - sayings of Muhammad (SAW)
sunnah tells muslims to use Muhammad (SAW)'s life as an example; both sunnah + hadith can be referred to
IJMA
a consensus
coming together to agree on an answer to a problem
muslims must choose according to what's allowed in boundaries of qur'an + sunnah
qur'an + hadith = primary sources for shari'a; cannot be overruled by secondary sources, e.g. ijma, qiyas
this is because primary sources originate with Allah (SWT) and His Messenger; muslims cannot overrule the revelation since we have no way of directly contacting Him
QIYAS
opinions based on thought + original teachings from qur'an + hadith, then applied to a new situation
involves comparison + reasoning to apply a teaching, e.g. qiyas on alcohol, smoking, drugs, etc.
can be used to form individual opinions, but not everyone can make interpretations
ROLE/ IMPORTANCE OF SHARI'A
APPLICATIONS
done on paper flashcards
MUJTAHIDS
islamic scholar knowledgeable about islam
can make opinions called fatwas, which are sometimes regarded as rules, but nonetheless still opinions, and are used by judges in shari'a courts
after muhammad (saw)'s death, it was decided only experienced mujtahids were able to make opinions on qur'an/ muhammad (saw)'s sayings
mujtahids agreed teachings by ijma, and formed the madhabs
shi'a mujtahids attend schools called hawza, studying qur'an, hadith, arabic, principles of law, hadith narrators, reasoning + logic, how to reach consensus, how to judge fairly
can give legal rulings using ijtihad
TAQLID
intellectual struggle
forming personal opinion
e.g.: caliph uthman's decision to have one authoritarian version of the qur'an compiled...
some muslims have different opinons on ijtihad, some saying only the companions were able to do it, while others say modern muslims should be able to for contemporary issues
taqlid is to follow a mujtahid; shi'as follow their imaams, but if they can't they then use taqlid
taqlid doesn't use ijtihad, and taqlid is done to avoid bid'ah
IJTIHAD
struggle to find rulings on religion using God-given intellect; was allowed by Prophet (SAW)
types: ijtihad + qiyas
muqallad: someone who performs taqlid
types of texts
zanni texts: texts with opinions thought to be true w/ reasoning
qati texts: texts with opinions over which imams were certain
MUSLIM UNDERSTANDINGS OF JIHAD
TYPES
LESSER
MILITARY JIHAD
only permissible for a just cause, e.g. self-defence, protect innocent lives
jihad must be declared + led by recognised, legit authority, e.g. head of a muslim state
a declaration must have intention of upholding justice, defending faith or protecting community behind jihad
should be a last resort after all other means are exhausted
response of jihad must be appropriate to harm suffered
non-combatants shouldn't be hurt - applies to humans, crops, animals + places of worship
INTERPRETATIONS
self-defence in warfare
defend the muslim community against attack/ oppression
protection of justice when peaceful means fail: against social injustices e.g. oppression, tyranny
protection of religious freedom
last resort; can be done in physical defence, ensure muslims can peacefully practice faith w/o interruption, mostly done w/ activism
combatting crime/ corruption: lawfully ensuring communities remain safe against crime/ corruption
GREATER
DEFINITION
qur'an - 'striving'; muslims do it and put effort into it, sometimes w/ difficulty, but always do it for Allah (SWT)'s pleasure
a muslim may want to do something but chooses something more difficult for the sake of islam, classed as jihad7
averroes
denotes four types
jihad of the sword (holy war)
jihad of the hand: choosing to do the right thing; stop wrongdoing
jihad of the word: striving to speak truth, spread islam
greater jihad: jihad of the heart, struggling against devil's temptations
MISINTERPRETATION
islamic scholars have many definitions for jihad which muslims either agree or disagree with, which could cause misinterpretation/ confusion
some see jihad as struggle against temptation, others as struggle for morality, and others as holy war
a small minority see Muhammad (SAW)'s jihad as offensive, seeing his way to spread islam as done by force, even though he used peace in most cases
the Qur'an also says there should be 'no compulsion in religion'
al-ghazali's ideas of lesser + greater jihad are also sometimes seen as misinterpretations, but muslims do agree their authenticity in alignment with Qur'anic/ hadith traditions
shi'as also recognise meanings of jihad + encourage focus on inner struggle first
media displays jihad as violence against western society, which is mostly disagreed by muslims, saying terrorism and islam have little connection
in islam, killing one person is like killing humanity
some muslims agree on islam's involvement in politics but would not encourage its use to achieve it
social reformers argue struggles for equality count as modern jihad (specifically non-violent lesser jihad)
traditionalists argue that definitions of jihad in Qur'an + hadith are the only ones that should be adhered to