Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Natural Hazards - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Greenhouse gases (CO₂, methane, water vapor) trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere.
      - The Greenhouse Effect: The process by which these gases cause the Earth to warm, leading to global temperature rise.
    - - Changing Weather Patterns: Increased frequency of extreme weather events like heatwaves, storms, floods, and droughts.
      - Ecosystem Disruption: Changes in habitats for wildlife, loss of biodiversity, and changes in agriculture due to temperature changes.
      - Rising Sea Levels: Melting glaciers and thermal expansion of seawater contribute to higher sea levels, affecting coastal areas.
    - - Natural Causes: Volcanic eruptions, solar radiation variations, ocean currents.
      - Human Causes: Burning fossil fuels, deforestation, industrial processes that release CO₂ and other greenhouse gases.
    - - Mitigation: Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, using renewable energy, enhancing energy efficiency.
      - Adaptation: Building resilient infrastructure, improving water management, disaster preparedness, and relocating communities.
- - - - Transform Boundaries: Plates slide past each other, causing earthquakes
      - Divergent Boundaries: Plates move apart, creating new crust .
      - Convergent Boundaries: Plates move towards each other, causing subduction (one plate goes under another) or mountain formation.
    - - Rifting: Plates move apart, often forming new ocean basins
      - Subduction: Oceanic plate forced under continental plate, leading to volcanic activity and earthquakes.
    - - Core: Outer liquid core and inner solid core
      - Mantle: Semi-solid rock that moves slowly. convection currents drive plate movements.
      - Crust: Thin outer layer with oceanic and continental types.
    - - Volcanoes: Formed by magma reaching the Earth's surface; can be explosive
      - Earthquakes: Caused by sudden release of energy along fault lines; measured by the Richter scale and Moment Magnitude Scale.
- - - - Early warning systems for floods, heatwaves, etc.
      - Emergency plans, disaster relief, and recovery efforts.
    - - Loss of life and property.
      - Economic disruption (e.g., crop failure, destruction of infrastructure, tourism).
      - Strain on healthcare and emergency response systems.
    - - Natural causes: ocean currents, atmospheric pressure changes
      - Human influences: urbanization, deforestation, and climate change altering weather patterns.
    - - Cold Spells: Unusually cold weather, often associated with snowstorms or polar vortex events.
      - Heatwaves: Extended periods of excessively high temperatures, leading to health risks, wildfires, and energy crises.
      - Droughts: Prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall leading to water shortages, crop failures, and economic loss.
      - Floods: Occur due to heavy rainfall, storm surges, these can cause infrastructure damage and displacement.
- - - - Winds: Can exceed 200 km/h (e.g., in hurricanes), leading to destruction of buildings, trees, power lines.
      - Rainfall: Heavy rains cause flooding, especially in coastal and low-lying areas.
      - Storm Surges: Coastal flooding caused by rising sea levels due to strong winds and low pressure.
    - - Satellite images, weather balloons, and hurricane tracking models.
      - Storm tracking, warning systems, and evacuation plans.
    - - Stages: Tropical depression → Tropical storm → Hurricane/Typhoon/Cyclone (depending on location).
      - Key conditions: Warm water, low-pressure center, high humidity, Coriolis effect for rotation.
      - Occurs in warm ocean waters (above 26°C) where moist air rises, causing low-pressure systems.