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Phrasal Verbs PV - Coggle Diagram
Phrasal Verbs
Genesis
Phrasal verbs are the results of the recycling and the recombination of a finite number of pre-existing lexical elements in order to render the language infinitely wealthy and expressive
According to some scholars, phrasal verbs constitute a highly productive system which is difficult to classify completely
Phrasal verbs are a specific kind of verb. The term derives from "phrase" which in traditional linguistic theory refers to the minimum unit of syntax. They differ from normal verbs in that they are constituted by two or three elements instead of just one
Phrasal verbs are often generated from causual uses of the language and then they work themselves into the mainstream of language use
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Morphology
Phrasal verbs are composed of a base verb and one or two particles (adverbs or prepositions). They are morphologically complete in that they have regularly inflected (conjucted) forms
Telic aspect
The Oxford English Dictionary lists the meaning of "telic" as "direct or tending to a definite end; purposive"
But not all phrasal verbs are telic; they indicate not only an action, but the result of that action
In the phrasal verbs, the particle(s) annuls the primary meaning of the base verb. These particles do not commpletely change the base verb's meaning; they confer a telic aspect: they transform the action (imperfective action or event or state) of the basic verb into an acomplishment (perfective action or event or state)
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Classification
The traditional linguistic approach to phrasal verb classification can be referred to as the "particle" approach, which divides phrasal verbs in three categories:
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The asterisk indicates the correct position(s) available for the direct object. If there is no asterisk, the phrasal verb is intransitive. Think of the asterisk as meaning "something or someone"
to believe in = to believe in something or someone
to look after = to look after something or someone
to talk about = to talk about something or someone
to wait for = to wait for something or someone
to get up = intransitive verb (verb that does not take a direct object)
to break down = intransitive verb or to break something or someone down or to break down something or someone
to put off = intransitive verb or to put something or someone off or to put off something or someone
to turn down = intransitive verb or to turn something or someone down or to turn down something or someone
to get on with = to get on with something or someone
to put up with = to put up with something or someone
to run out of* = to run out of something or someone