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CROSS-LINGUISTIC INFLUENCE
(Ortega, 2013) - Coggle Diagram
CROSS-LINGUISTIC INFLUENCE
(Ortega, 2013)
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Markedness
Markedness means that a term and/or concept is highlighted as different from another, which explains why learners find certain L2 features harder than others.
Example: For English natives, the sound at the beginning "chemie" in Dutch might be difficult to pronounce because English does not have that sound.
Avoidance, Underuse, and Overuse
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Transfer
Positive = faster learning since L1 features align with L2.
Example: cognates English-Dutch house-huis
Negative = a learner applies rules (from L1) that do not allign with L2, making it more difficult to learn it (interference)
Example: indicating the time in English-Dutch "half five"
Transfer is a highly complex phenomenon. It can be caused by perceived L1–L2 similarities as well as by large differences, and it goes well beyond strident calques and awkward transliterations from the L1.
Factors
Proficiency Level
Inherent complexity of L2
Universal constraints and processes (e.g. markedness)
Psychological perception of transferability (psychotypology)
Beyond the L1
Universal developmental forces (e.g., acquisition stages, interlanguage) also shape learning, independent of L1 influence. L1 cannot explain everything!
Example: All learners, regardless of L1, pass through similar stages in English negation and question formation.
Relevance to SLA
Teaching Implications
Teachers should be aware of L1 influences and universal developmental patterns to tailor instruction effectively.
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Interlanguage solutions
Interlanguage = reflects the learner's evolving system of rules, and results from a variety of processes, including the influence of the first language ('transfer'), contrastive interference from the target language, and the overgeneralization of newly encountered rules.
These look very different from surface errors of either commission or omission. Often, knowledge of an L1 results in subtle influences that remain beneath the surface and are easy to miss or can be readily misinterpreted or misdiagnosed
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