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3.04 LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS
1 THE RESTORATION IS OVERTURNED
In the period after the Congress of Vienna
There were three waves of antiabsolutist revolutionary movements in Europe
Some of these had a strong nationalist component
They followed the same route as the 18th-century revolutions
This led to the transition from
An estate system
TO
A class society
The revolutionary wave of 1820
The Holy Alliance took part in military interventions in Spain, Naples and Piedmont and reinstated absolutism.
A democratic assembly declared Greece’s independence from the absolutist power of the Ottoman Empire.
Great Britain, Russia and France took part in the war in defence of their strategic interests and in support of the Greeks.
Who gained independence in 1830.
The revolutionary wave of 1830
The king of France, Louis XVIII
Was succeeded by Charles X
After the king abdicated
A parliamentary monarchy was established under Louis Philippe of Orleans
Who recognised national sovereignty
He also abolished censorship and extended the right to vote.
The Belgians proclaimed their independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Established a parliamentary monarchy
The overthrow of Charles X also influenced the nationalistic uprising in Poland, part of the Russian Empire.
The revolutionary wave of 1848
This reign was turning more conservative, causing discontent among radical liberals
The workers suffered the most from the effects of an intense international economic crisis that began in 1845.
This led to a revolution in which the Second French Republic was proclaimed.
A workers’ uprising was repressed by the army
Napoleon’s nephew, was later elected president
He proclaimed the Second French Empire in 1851
And was crowned Napoleon III.
Napoleon’s nephew, was later elected president
LIBERTY LEADING THE PEOPLE, DELACROIX
This painting was inspired by the French Revolution of 1830, which led to Louis Philippe of Orleans being crowned king.
2 THE CONSOLIDATION OF LIBERAL REGIMES
The United States
There was also great territorial expansion to the west.
This resulted
the submission of the indigenous population and violent repression of any resistance
There was still slavery in the southern states
So slaves fled north
This led to American Civil War
The northern states won and slavery was abolished
by the leadership of Abraham Lincoln
Two major political parties
Democrats
Republicans
White Racism
The terrorist and racist organisation, the Ku Klux Klan
Was created after the American Civil War
Was anti-communist, homophobic, and anti-Semitic.
Ellis Island
45 million Europeans emigrated to Europe
Prussia and Austria
The mobilisation of the Hungarian nationalists converted the two countries into a dual monarchy
Austro-Hungarian Empire
