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Tudors pt 1 - Coggle Diagram
Tudors pt 1
Henry VII and challenges to religious change 1533-7
Lincolnshire Rising
Oct 1536, lasted for 2 weeks in Louth.
Rebellions against rumors of King wanted to close town's church and monastery due to Thomas Cromwell's commissioner's recent visit
Vicar of Louth, Thomas Kendall, stated the King wanted to tax religious ceremonies and confiscate treasure of churches
News spread in neighboring villages, 30000 joined. Encouraged to join by word of mouth, lighted beacons and church bells
Rioters forced sheriff of Lincolnshire, Edward Dymoke, to assume leadership, this encouraged gentry to join
Murders at Horncastle
One Cromwell's agent and Bishop of Lincoln's chancellor
Marched to city of Lincoln with their demands: end of closure of monasteries, dismissal of Cromwell
Dymoke declared supp for the King
Henry's reaction
Sent army of 8000 men under Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, ordered to church rebellion + execute ringleaders without trail
He spread he would listen to rebels complains, calming the rioters who went home and waited, so the group could disband
Rebellion collapsed as the rest sued for peace + no leadership
Pilgrimage of Grace
Due to Lincolnshire rising collapse, Yorkists rebelled due to rumors of monastic closures.
The lawyer, Robert Aske was captured and persuaded to assume control, recruiting 10,000 men. He insisted all rebels swear an oath to prevent treachery in ranks.
Marched to York in 1536, welcomed by citizens
York
Aske proclaimed aims of rebellion: persuade the king to abandon attacks on churches + return England to Rome
Believed the King was misled by Cromwell. Not willing to use force but prepared if so. Efficient organisation of men in army formations.
Moving South gained more supp of gentry and nobility
Pontefract
Sieged the castle, didn't last long due to lightly garrisoned + poor state. Commander 69yr old Thomas Darcy surrendered + joined
Marching south, army of 35000 well armed + horsed pilgrims.
Royal army of 4000 men under Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, took too long to arrive
Duke negotiated for peace with Aske, convinced Henry would seriously consider their demands
Pontefract Articles
Aske demanded: legitimization of Princess Mary, "evil councilors" dismissed, end to enclose of land without consent etc.
Agree Norfolk would present it to the king along with an answer, royal pardon issued in the meanwhile
King had no intention to answer, kept delaying his response
Further unrest in the North meant King could strengthen his forces, 8000 men sent to supp Nortfolk
Francis Bigod's uprising
Protestant, wanted monasteries reformed, captured and forced to join the Pilgrimage.
1537 revived the rebellion in Yorkshire. Defeated + fled to Cumberland, later hanged
Leaders commanded to meet with king in London, then arrested. Aske blamed for renewal, arrested tried and executed
Role of Cromwell
Advised Henry to use rebels naivety and loyalty to: prolong neg to gain time to raise a larger army, to feign sympathy with rebels' demand so Aske would disband his forces. Resumed his church reform, 800 monasteries dissolved by 1540
Impact
Not threat to the king, but to law and order, which is unacceptable. Aske admitted to fight if demands were not met.
Nortfolk tasked to deploy military forces + invoking martial law
200 rebels put to death, 34 insurgents executed in Lincolnshire, remainder hanged in Yorkshire
Henry VII and challenges to succession 1485-99
Pretenders
Lambert Simnel
taken in 1486, 10yr old, by Oxford priest, Richard Symonds to impersonate Earl of Warwick, one of the princes in the tower
When moved to Ireland received support of Ear of Kildare, crowned him King Edward VI in Dublin, 1487.
support of Edward IV's sister, Margaret of Burgundy: sent money + 2000 German mercenaries to back Simnel's arrival in England.
there he received supp of Yorkist nobleman, John de La Pole, Earl of Lincoln. He knew he was an imposter, but planned to claim the throne.
Battle of Stoke, 1487
Lincoln and his army of 8000 men faced royal army of 12000 at Newark at East Stoke
Yorkists defeated, Lincoln killed, Symonds send to life imprisonment in a bishops prison
Simnel, recognised as being a pawn, Henry made him a turnspit in the royal kitchen, later promoted as king's falconer
Nobles who fought the battle were delt in Henry's second parliament, 28 of them attainted and had lands confiscated
Victorious, never again faced an army composed of his own subjects at English soil
Reveled how vulnerable his kingship was as it almost succeeded.
1487 Elisabeth of York, his wife, crowned queen to unite the nation and satisfy Yorkists
Perkin Warbeck
1491, 17 yr old from France, arrived in Cork, Ireland.
claimed to be Richard, Duke of York, whose murder in the Tower was assumed but never proved.
international recognition
France:
Welcomed by Charles VIII at court, 1492 100 English Yorkists joined him in Paris.
Treaty of Etaples neg with Henry meant he had to find a new refuge.
Burgundy:
Supp from Margaret, unlikely to have believed on his claim
1943, Henry broke off trade with Flanders, even though it threated the cloth industry, important to English economy
Holy Roman Empire:
Maximilian, newly elected Holy Roman Emperor recognised him as Richard IV in 1494.
Not enough resources to supp invasion in England
Scotland:
Work of agents meant he failed to land in Kent 1945 and Ireland, not enough local support
Departed for Scotland and received refuge from James IV. Not convinced but gave his cousin in marriage + £1200 annual pension
It threated Henry's marriage alliance with Spain between Catherine of Argon and Arthur, Prince of Wales. Queen Isabela and King Ferdinand (Spain) unwilling to let their daughter marry the heir of a contested crown
Disaster of Scottish invasion, no supp at the south of the boarder and retreated
Henry's offer of his eldest daughter, Margaret, in marriage was more to Scotland's advantage. 1502 seven year truce agreed in Ayton, first full peace treaty since 1328
Executions of Stanley and Lord Fitzwalter:
Henry's intelligence network reveled names implicated in plotting treason - Sir William Stanley, step-uncle and chamberlain of royal household. Execution showed he would spare no-one
Lord Fitzwalter, steward
Richard Clifford reveled names, pardoned and received rewards
Failure
Failure of gaining supp returning to Ireland and South-West England
In 1497, he was persuaded to give up + make confession
Not able to accuse him of treason under English law (foreigner) so remained at court
Escaped in 1498, recaptured and sent to the Tower.
1499 charged with trying to escape again, hanged
Earl of Warwick found guilty of treason and executed. Probably pressure from Spain to ensure King's daughter a secure inheritance
Gov and adm
localities