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Sources of data - Coggle Diagram

- - - - well planned and organised and large sample
      - change over time
      - segmented sample => easier to make comparissons
      - lack of validity
      - interpretivists: socially cconstructed not objective facts
      - the result of political manipulations
      - are not as repressenative as they seem(ex: 2010 US census that had missed over 1 million people )
- - - - Questionnaires
        
        guidelines for good questionnaires
        
        short and easy to follow
        
        clear instructions
        
        no leading questions
        
        no words that might not be understood by everyone
        
        ways to improve response rate
        
        make it short and easy to complete
        
        letter explaining purpose
        
        financial incentive
        
        reminder email/ letter
        
        Strenghts
        
        big sample
        
        access to geographycally remote areas
        
        participants can complete it wherever they want
        
        researcher is not present => unbiased researcher, no interviewer effect
        
        Limitations
        
        not there to explain questions
        
        unansweared questions
        
        low response rate
        
        low generalisability
        
        no guarantee of who completed the questionnaire
      - Structured interviews
        
        standardised set of questions
        
        answears organised to profduce quantitaive data
        
        Strenghts
        
        questions explained
        
        more reliable than semi-structured and unstructured interviews
        
        higher response rate than questionnairs
        
        Limitations
        
        Interviewer present
        
        interviewer effect and interviewer bias
        
        socially desirable answers
        
        lower validity compared to s and u
        
        more time consuming and expansive compared to postal questionnaires
    - - structured
        
        Strenghts
        
        respondents can use their own words and can choose the level of detail they provide
        
        higher validity
        
        rise points that the researchers have not intially considered
        
        uncover information that can be researched further
        
        can achive verstenhen
        
        Limitations
        
        interviewer bias and interviewer effect
        
        time consumming and expensive
        
        skilled interviewers
        
        less reliable - does not use standardised questions
        
        small sample
        
        hard to generalise the findings
      - semi-structured
        
        flexibility on what is asked gaining more depth while avoiding irrelevant questions
        
        can ask more questions
        
        more reliable than u
        
        Limitations
        
        Less vaild than s
        
        more time consuming and expensive than u
        
        less reliable than s
        
        more vaild than s
      - unstructured
      - tips for good interviews
        
        use accesible vocab
        
        use a ggod recording device
        
        don't use leading questions
        
        private and quite places
    - - Steps
        
        Getting in
        
        covert or overt observation
        
        the r. must shear some characteristics of the group
        
        Getting out
        
        impartial and unbiased account
        
        ensure confidentiality and anonimity
        
        staying in
        
        Paricipant or non-participant
        
        dificulties maintaing its cover
        
        dificulties taking notes
        
        to what extend should the researcher participate to the group activities
      - TYPES OF OBSERVATIONS
        
        participant observation
        
        r joins the group and lives as they do
        
        Strenghts
        
        verstehen
        
        high validity - observed in their natural habitat over a long period of time
        
        Limitations
        
        low reliablity
        
        Hawthorne effect