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Fungi - Coggle Diagram
Fungi
Body Structure
Some fungi exhibit both forms
Networks of branched hyphae for absorption
Single cells (yeasts)
hyphae: Tubular cell walls strengthened with chitin
Hyphal division
Coenocytic fungi: No septa, continuous cytoplasm with many nuclei
septa: Divided cells with pores for organelle movement
Multicellular filaments
mycelium: Interwoven hyphae mass maximizing surface-to-volume ratio
fungi: Diverse Set of Lineages
Major Phyla of Fungi
Glomeromycetes (Phylum: Glomeromycota)
zygomycetes, now a separate clade
all species form arbuscular mycorrhizae (mutualistic relationship with plant roots)
Ascomycetes (Phylum: Ascomycota)
sac fungi
Over 25% form lichens (symbiotic with green algae or cyanobacteria)
Marine, freshwater, terrestrial
plant pathogens, decomposers, and symbionts
Range from unicellular yeasts to complex structures (e.g., cup fungi, morels)
Sexual Spores: Produced in saclike asci (within ascocarps)
Zygomycetes (Phylum: Zygomycota)
Black bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifer)
hyphae: Coenocytic
fast-growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts
Asexual sporangia produce haploid spores
Basidiomycetes (Phylum: Basidiomycota)
basidium (clublike structure, transient diploid stage)
club fungi
Mycorrhizal, plant parasites, decomposers of wood
Produce mushrooms rapidly
mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi
Fairy rings: Mushrooms appear overnight
Chytrids (Phylum: Chytridiomycota)
Decomposers, parasites, mutualists
Early divergence in fungal evolution
terrestrial, freshwater, and marine habitats (including hydrothermal vents)
Unique Feature: Flagellated spores (zoospores)
Molecular Analysis & Diversity
Fungal Diversity Estimate: 1.5 million species
Uncertainty in some areas of evolution
Clarifies evolutionary relationships
Specialized Hyphae
Mycorrhizal Fungi
Mycorrhizae
Mutualistic relationship: Between fungi and plant roots
Nutrient exchange via branching hyphae like arbuscules
Colonize soil via spores (haploid cells)
Types of mycorrhizal fungi:
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Extend arbuscules through root cell wall, invaginate plasma membrane for nutrient exchange
Ectomycorrhizal fungi: Hyphal sheaths over roots, grow into extracellular spaces of root cortex
Fungi Feeding on Animals
haustoria: Hyphae that extract nutrients from plants
Specialized hyphae for feeding on live animals