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Animal Part 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Develops from the edges of the closing neural tube
      - Forms structures like parts of the skull and nerves
  - - - Backbone (vertebral column)
      - Internal skeleton (bone/cartilage)
    - - Brain & spinal cord
      - Neural Crest: Cells from the neural tube, unique to vertebrates
  - - - ovoviviparous: Eggs develop inside the body, but young are nourished by the yolk
      - oviparous: Eggs hatch outside the mother%E2%80%99s bod
      - viviparous: Embryo develops in the uterus and is nourished by the yolk sac placenta
  - - - Actinopterygii (Ray-finned fishes)
      - Dipnoi (Lungfishes)
      - Actinistia (Coelacanths)
    - - gills: Breathe through gills, protected by the operculum
      - Swim Bladder: Controls buoyancy
      - Mucus-Secreting Skin: Covered by bony scales
      - reproduction: Mostly oviparous (egg-laying), some with internal fertilization
- - - - Opossums, kangaroos, and koalas.
      - Embryonic Development
        
        Pouch (marsupium): Young complete development while nursing in the pouch
        
        Embryo develops in the uterus and is nourished by the placenta.
    - - Lay eggs
      - Females secrete milk from glands on their bellies (no nipples). Babies suck milk from mother's fur.
      - Echidnas and platypus
    - - Embryonic Development: Young develop completely within the uterus and are connected to the mother via the placenta.
      - (humans, elephants, whales)
      - More complex placenta.
  - - - Lemurs, monkeys, apes, tarsiers
      - Human : ape group
    - - flats nails instead of claws
      - large brain short jaw
      - hands and feets for grasping
      - Social structure: complex behavior, social systems
      - forward looking eyes : depth perception
- - - - Three Main Clades:
        
        Frogs (Anura): "Tail-less ones."
        
        Caecilians (Apoda): "Legless ones."
        
        Salamanders (Urodela): "Tailed ones."
      - About 6,150 species.
    - - habitat:
        
        Live in moist environments.
        
        Need water for reproduction.
      - Both Ways of Life":
        
        metamorphosis: Aquatic larvae transform into terrestrial adults.
      - respiration:
        
        Lungs and cutaneous respiration (through skin).
  - - - Fins of lobe-fins evolved into limbs and feet of tetrapods.
  - - - Support for land movement.
    - - Enables separate movement of the head.
    - - Lungs and air-breathing adaptations.
    - - Allows for movement on land.
    - - Specialized hearing structures for land-based environments.
- - - - tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds, and extinct groups.
      - eggs: Shelled eggs laid on land.
      - Internal Fertilization: Occurs before egg shell formation.
      - ectothermic:
        
        Cold-blooded; depend on external heat sources to regulate body temperature
        
        Behavioral adaptations to control temperature (e.g., basking in the sun).
      - tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds, and extinct groups.
    - - Birds as Archosaurs:
        
        group that also includes crocodiles and dinosaurs)
      - Unique Features of Birds:
        
        endothermic:
        
        Warm-blooded; capable of maintaining body temperature through metabolism
        
        eggs: Have amniotic eggs with a hard shell
        
        Flight Adaptations: Nearly every feature (e.g., keratin) of their reptilian anatomy is modified for flight.
      - Living Birds (Neornithes)
        
        Flightless Birds:
        
        Ratites (e.g., ostriches, emus).
        
        Some rails, ducks, and pigeons are also flightless.
        
        Penguins (use powerful muscles to "fly" in water)
        
        Bird Identification
        
        Characterized by profile, color, flying style, behavior, beak shape, and foot structure.
  - - - Waterproof membrane prevents desiccation.
- - - - Language
      - Artistic expression
      - Complex tools manufacture and use
      - Symbolic thought
  - - - Ethiopia 195000/ 160000