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Chemistry Particles & Mixtures - Coggle Diagram
Chemistry
Particles & Mixtures
1) States of Matter
Solids:
In solids, there are a
strong forces
of attraction between particles. In solids, the particles
can't move
at all but they
can vibrate
. All solids
keep
a
definite shape
and
volume
. The
hotter
the solid becomes, the more they
vibrate
Liquids:
In liquids, there is a
weak force
of attraction between particles. In liquids, the particles can
move around
slightly but they still have to be
touching each other
. Liquids
don't
keep a
definite volume
or
shape
. The
hotter
the liquid gets, the
faster
they move.
Gases:
In gases, there is a
very weak force
of attraction between particles. In gases, the particles can
move around
fully without needing to
touch each other
at all. Gases
don't
keep a
definite volume or shape
. The
hotter
the gas gets, the
faster
they move
Substances can change from one state to another
2) Movement of particles
Diffusion:
Diffusion is the movement of particles through a liquid or gas.
Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration
3) Solutions
A solution is a mixture of solvent and solute
Definitions:
Solution - Is a mixture of a solute and a solvent that does not separate out.
Solute - Is the substance being dissolved
Solvent - Is the liquid it's dissolving into
Saturated Solution - A solution where the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved, so no more solute will dissolve in the solution
The ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent is known as its solubility.
Solubility is often measured in grams of solute per 100 grams of solvent
Solubility is how much solute will dissolve in a solvent
4) Investigating Solubility
Solubility can be calculated from the masses of the solid and water
Solubility = (mass of solid / mass of water removed) x 100
This equation is used to calculate the solubility of an experiment
Solubility at a set temperature can be read off a solubility curve
We can use solubility curves to see the solubility of a substance at a specific temperature
5) Atoms
Atoms contain protons, neutrons and electrons
Protons are heavy and positively charged
Neutrons are heavy and neutral
Electrons are hardly any mass and are negatively charged
The nucleus:
It's in the middle of the atom
It contains protons and neutrons
It has a positive charge because of the protons
Almost the whole mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus
Compared to the overall size of the atom, the nucleus is tiny
The electrons:
Electrons move around the nucleus in energy levels called shells
They're negetively charged
They're tiny, but their orbitals cover a lot of space
The size of their orbitals determines the size of the atom
Electrons have virtually no mass
The number of electrons = number of protons
The charge on the electrons is the same size as the charge on the protons -- but opposite.
The atomic number and mass number describe an atom.
The atomic number tells you how many protons there are.
The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the atom.
To get the number of neutrons, just subtract the atomic number from the mass number
6) Isotopes
Isotopes are the same as atoms except for an extra neutron or two
Isotopes are different atomic forms of the same element, which have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
Isotopes must have the same proton number but different neutron numbers
7) Relative atomic mass
Relative atomic mass takes all stable isotopes into account
Relative atomic mass is the average mass of all the isotopes of an element
It has to allow for the relative mass of each isotope and its relative abundance
8) Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
Elements consist of one type of atom only
A compound is a substance that is made of two or more different elements which are chemically joined together
9) Filtration and Crystallization
Filtration is used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid
Crystallization separates a soluble solid from a solution
Filtration and Crystallization can be used to separate rock salt
10) Chromatography
Chromatography works because different dyes will move up the paper at different rates.
The distance the dyes travel up the paper depends on the solvent and the paper you use.
Some will stick to the paper and others will dissolve more readily in the solvent and travel more quickly
An Rf value is the ratio between the distance travelled by the dissolved substance(solute) and the distance travelled by the solvent.
The Rf value can be found using the formula:
Rf = distance travelled by solute / distance travelled by solvent
11) Simple Distillation
Simple distillation is used for separating out a liquid from a solution.
You can use simple distillation to get pure water from seawater. The water evaporates and is condensed and collected.
Eventually you'll end up with just the salt left in the flask
12) Fractional Distillation
Fractional Distillation can separate out mixtures of liquids even if their boiling points are close together.
Fractional distillation is used to separate a mixture of liquids
