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Composition of Earth's crust - Coggle Diagram
Composition of Earth's crust
Chemical elements
Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Calcium, Potassium, Magnesium
Minerals
naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and an orderly arrangement of atoms
Silicates
contain silicon and oxygen and usually one or more other elements; around 1000 silicates make up about 90% of the crust
quartz, mica(potassium, magnesium, iron, aluminium, silicon and water), clay, olivine
“The Big Ten” minerals
olivine, augite, hornblende, biotite, calcium-rich plagioclase (anorthite), sodium-rich plagioclase (albite), potassium-rich feldspar (commonly orthoclase), muscovite, quartz, and calcite
Other minerals
Carbonates: Calcite, Dolomite
Oxides: Hematite, Magnetite
Halides: Halite
Sulfides: Pyrite, Chalcopyrite, Galena, Sphalerite
Sulphates: Gypsum
Phosphates: Apatite
Rocks
Magmatic/Igneous
Intrusive(plutonic) rocks
result of magma cooling slowly, therefore forming larger grains
granite, diorite, gabbro
Extrusive(volcanic) rocks
result of magma cooling fast,therefore are fine grained or experience a lack of crystal growth
Andesite, rhyolite, basalt
Sedimentary
Non-organic rocks/clastic
made of inorganic mineral fragments called clasts. They can have a variety of origins and o clastic rock contains many different minerals
Conglomerate, sandstone
Organic rocks
made up of the tissues of plants and animals
peat(the soft substance found in marshes where the water stops the organism from decaying), coal, natural gas, petroleum
Chemical sedimentary rocks
chemically precipitated sediment is made of solid inorganic mineral compounds that precipitate from water solutions
Limestone, gypsum
Metamorphic
the result of pressure and heat influencing natural processes and turning sedimentary and magmatic rocks into metamorphic
Gneiss, marble
Rock cycle: The rock cycle is a series of processes that create and transform the types of rocks in Earth’s crust.