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Cognitive Etiology of MDD, Negative view of the world, Arbitrary Inference…

- - - - Alloy et al. (1999)
        Results indicate a link between cognitive style and developmental depression
        ** However, this study may suffer from demand characteristics as it is important to remember that the precise role of cognitive processes is yet to be determined. [ MAY BE A CONSEQUENCE RATHER THAN CAUSE]
    - - Martin Seligman (1974)
        This led Seligman (1974) to explain depression in
        humans in terms of learned helplessness, whereby the
        individual gives up trying to influence their environment because they have learned that they are helpless as a consequence of having no control over what happens to them
        **Although may explain depression, fails to take into account cognition
      - LINK TO MARTIN SELIGMAN
        
        Abramson, Seligman, and Teasdale (1978)
        introduced a cognitive version of Seligman (1974)
        theory = reformulated learned helplessness in term of attributional processes (i.e. how people explain the cause of an event
        
        Attributional styles
        
        The depression attributional style is based on three dimensions, namely:
        
        locus (whether the cause is internal - to do with a person themselves, or external - to do with some aspect of the situation)
        
        stability (whether the cause is stable and permanent or unstable and transient)
        
        global or specific (whether the cause relates to the
        'whole' person or just some particular feature
        characteristic)
        
        In this new version of the theory, the mere presence of a negative event was not considered sufficient to produce a helpless or depressive state
        Argued that people who attribute failure to internal, stable, and global causes are more likely to become depressed than those who attribute failure to external, unstable and specific causes.
        This is because the former attributional style (external, unstable and specific) leads people to the conclusion that they are unable to change things for the better.