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CRIME AND DEVIANCE (2) - VICTIMOLOGY - Coggle Diagram
CRIME AND DEVIANCE (2) - VICTIMOLOGY
PATTERNS
SOCIAL CLASS
poorer = more likely to be victimised
newburn and rooke
: survey of 300 homeless people; homeless people were 12x more likely to experience violence
AGE
younger people more at risk of being victims
most likely to be murdered = infants under one
teens more vulnerable to assault, sexual harassment, theft, home abuse
old at risk of abuse (e.g. nursing home); victimisation is less visible
risk of victimisation declines w/ age
GENDER
males higher risk as victims of violent attacks
70% homicide victims = male
women more likely victims of domestic violence, sexual violence, stalking, harassment, people trafficking, mass rape (in war)
ETHNICITY
ethnic minority = higher risk of victimisation
ethnic minority, young + homeless more likely to report feeling under-protected but over-controlled
IMPACT
disrupted sleep, feeling helpless, more security-conscious, difficulty in social functioning
creates indirect victims
hate crimes lead to 'waves of harm'; 'message' crimes to intimidate communities + victim, challenging society's value system
secondary victimisation: includes cjs incompetency; feminists argue rape victims are treated so poorly it might as well be double violation
fear of victimisation: making one demographic fear more even though another has suffered more from a certain crime (e.g. males facing more violence but women afraid to go out at night)
feminists: 'fear of crime'; focus on women's pasisvity + psychological state instead of their safety
EXPLANATION
POSITIVIST VICTIMOLOGY
MIERS
three features of positivist victimology
identify factors producing patterns in victimisation
focus on interpersonal crimes of violence
victims contributions to their own victimisation
positivist victimology says people contribute to their victimisation through certain characteristics/ behaviour, e.g. leaving windows open, walking alone in the dark
young people are more likely to be victims due to being more less security conscious
deprived people risk being victims due to higher levels of violent behaviour
critics say positivist victimology is victim blaming, e.g. women's appearances being taken into account in sexual assault cases, leading to reduced sentencing
saying victims attract crime takes away the criminal's accountability + ignores factors that contribute to victimisation, e.g. poverty, discrimination, patriarchy
RADICAL/ CRITICAL VICTIMOLOGY
from marxists/ feminists, where powerless groups like women/ poor are said to more likely be victimised
mawby and walklate
: victimisation is a form of structural powerlessness, e.g. the w/c as the more likely victims due to deprivation + little resources
the state has power to apply/ deny the victim label; 'victim' is a social construct - some can get it, others are withheld from it
tombs and whyte
: employer violations of law leading to injury/ death are seen as fault of 'accident prone' workers; in rape cases women can be said to 'lead on' their attackers, denying a 'victim status'
tombs and whyte
: 'de-labelling' - concealing true extents of victimisation denies powerless vicitms justice/ compensation
powerless are more victimised, but the state don't acknowledge this much
can ignore victims role in their own victimisation