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CRIME AND DEVIANCE (2) - CRIME AND LINKS: GENDER (SIMPLIFIED) - Coggle…
CRIME AND DEVIANCE (2) - CRIME AND LINKS: GENDER (SIMPLIFIED)
SEX ROLE THEORY
PARSONS (FUNCTIONALISM)
: a woman's expressive role means she doesn't have time to offend due to childcare, housework; even less time if she works
a woman doesn't commit crime out of fear of losing responsibilities her 'expressive' role gives her + her job (if she works) -
links to
: rational choice
CRITICISMS
DUNSCOMBE
: in modern society women don't follow trad fem values as much, instead asserting independence through trad masc. ideals, leading to things like drinking, risk-taking, violence
CHIVALRY THESIS
POLLACK
: a more male dominated cjs means female offenders are seen as more vulnerable + in need of protection; stats show women treated more leniently in court
links to
: selective law enforcement -
BECKER (INTERACTIONISM)
even when women commit crimes, these are less threatening, so end up receiving lesser sanctions, e.g. fines, cautions, warnings
CRITCISMS
:
FEMINISTS
- 'evil woman' theory, women who violate both patriarchal standards and the law are punished both by being stripped of their femininity + by being sentenced
this is when they commit serious crimes like neglect/ violence towards children
SOCIAL CONTROL
HEIDENSOHN
: women lose more by committing crime. agencies further drive this idea through supervision, domestic + public sphere control
domestic sphere
: older women have the 'expressive' role, younger girls are more supervised
public sphere
: workplace/ public - women have the risk of harassment/ violence, reinforcing reasons for supervision
^ + these give less chance for women to commit crime
CRITICISMS
ADLER: LIBERATION THESIS
- more women in employment so they don't have much patriarchal pressure. outside of work, they'll spend their free time outside as they don't have much housework either, so have more crime opportunity
LABELLING
PARSON
: lower offending rates - law enforcement agencies put women in positive lights due to stereotypes from gender socialisation, so are less likely to fall into crime
CRITICISMS
HEIDENSOHN: DOUBLE JEOPARDY THEORY
- higher offending rates, when women commit crime they are labelled negatively both for going against feminine standards and for committing
GENDER AND CLASS DEALS
CARLEN
:
CLASS DEAL
- material rewards from paid employment used personally |
GENDER DEAL
- rewards from fulfilling domestic roles, earning them support from partners
lacking such deals due to blocked opportunities from poverty, lack of family, abuse etc. can lead a woman to crime as she already has little to lose
CRITICISMS
too deterministic - crime isn't their only path due to blocked opportunities; they can still go for legit methods to live a regular life (
links to
: ritualism, strain theory)