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PPT- 12 - Coggle Diagram
PPT- 12
Intellectual resources
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Counterfeit products
Most global patents are registered to companies in the USA, Europe and Japan.
China has increased the number of Patents being registered but this is a lengthy and costly process.
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2% of the world's trade are counterfeit goods from China, 90 billion dollars per annum.
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Impact on the US economy
• Intellectual property theft: US companies lose billions annually due to counterfeit profits infringing on Patents and Copyrights.
• Reduced sales, fakes are often cheaper, diverting potential customers away from legitimate US products.
• Enforcement expenses, significant resources are outlaid by US customs and border protection agencies to prevent counterfeit goods from entering the country.
• Legal costs, US companies are spending up to 5% of their expenses on fighting Chinese counterfeit products.
Examples:
Land Wind being taken to court by Land Rover for their 20,000 pound-cheaper copycat car.
Resources
The North Pole
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Due to rising demands (rising middle class), the pressure to extract oil is increasing.
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Why causing tension?
Causing tension as a significant amount of valuable resources are under the seabed, it is challenging to define which nation can claim these resources.
Example
Trump claiming Greenland on the 7th January 2025, due to the oil and gas in the region.
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Oil Prices rising, making drilling in unconventional places viable
Drilling in the Arctic is expensive, oil prices being high makes is viable
Climate change is benefitting trade shipping routes, in 2014 76 cargo ships used the summer melt period to access trade, compared to 46 in 2012.
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Who controls the arctic?
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Nations include Canada, the US, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Russia.
In 2015, the US took over as chair of the Council
Arcti ccoastal states- Particularly Canada, Greenland, Russia and the US- are keen to lay claim to valuable natural resources beyond their natural boundaries. All have submitted requests to extend their polar seabeds.
The ANWR
Area protected from exploitation in Alaska, but USA’s demands on oil means there is intense pressure to allow oil drilling and fracking in the area.
Tension between nations, but also within nations
The Gwich'in people call the ANWR the "Sacred place where life begins" as it is where baby caribou are born.
UNCLOS
UN convention for the Law of the Seas, a country may claim the seabed and resources within it within 200 miles of the coastline.
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The issue with UNCLOS is that 200 mile zones overlap- especially between Norway and Russia in the artic.
The South China Sea
What is the situation?
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Claimed by both Philippines and Malaysia, but also China.
China claims the islands as they would extend their EEZ 200 mils out either side of the Spratly islands
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Trading routes, 30% of the world's trade passes through the Spratly islands
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History
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The Vietnamese were unhappy about this, and a deadly skirmish broke out in 1988.
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Since then, China has taken control of a further six islands.
In 1994, the Philippines chose a route of political protest against the Chinese, choosing to refrain from direct confrontation.