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MSK Diagnostic Testing - Coggle Diagram

- - - - “central pattern generators” (description)
        
        coordinated groups of interneurons in the spinal cord that allow alternate activation of agonist and antagonist muscles for proper gait
        
        what other 2 things are involved in the gait cycle
        
        afferent somatosensory pathways
        
        Pathways go to what
        
        spinal cord (integrates peripheral afferents and what other input)
        
        supraspinal structures
        
        1 more item...
        
        locomotor regions in the brain
        
        what is this important for
        
        initiating and modulating gait
  - - - To diagnose and monitor disorders of the bone
        
        3 examples of bone disorders
        
        osteomalacia,
        
        description
        
        bone disease that causes bones to soften
        
        usually caused by what
        
        1 more item...
        
        Paget’s disease,
        
        description
        
        bones to enlarge and become weaker than normal
        
        bony metastases
        
        description
        
        when cancer cells spread from their original site to the bones
      - To diagnose and monitor cases of hypocalcaemia or hypercalcaemia
      - To investigate otherwise unexplained symptoms, such as fatigue or pain
  - - - Radiograph
        
        when is it used
        
        standard initial imaging tool for bone evaluation
        
        why
        
        bone absorbs x-ray beams better than soft tissue
        
        aka
        
        x rays
      - (CT)
        
        decription
        
        series of x-ray images taken at different angles used to make cross-sectional images (slices) of body tissues
        
        how thick are the cross section slices usually
        
        measuring 0.3 –1.5 cm thick
        
        comon sectional orientation on CT (4)
        
        axial, coronal, sagittal, and 3D
        
        what is the axial plane aka
        
        1 more item...
        
        when is it used (4)
        
        in the evaluation of various bones and soft tissues
        
        discriminating subtle density differences
        
        different types of fractures
        
        what types
        
        Complex, subtle, or articular fractures
        
        what are articular fxs
        
        1 more item...
        
        surgical planning
        
        what does it stand for
        
        Computed tomography
      - (DECT)
        
        description
        
        can reconstruct numerous image types ( 6 of them)
        
        virtual non-contrast images
        
        what does this involve
        
        1 more item...
        
        iodine concentration
        
        aka
        
        1 more item...
        
        calcium suppression
        
        what does this involve
        
        1 more item...
        
        uric acid suppression
        
        what does this involve
        
        1 more item...
        
        electron density maps
        
        effective atomic number (Zeff) maps
        
        what does it stand for
        
        Dual-energy computed tomography
      - (MRI)
        
        how does it work
        
        Uses magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images
        
        how does this happen
        
        the magnet forces the protons to move in the same direction as the magnet, creating detailed images through the interaction with radio waves
        
        what are the musculoskeleta uses (2)
        
        diagnostic confirmation
        
        surgical plan
        
        it is not the first line test for what
        
        bones
        
        contraindications (2)
        
        ferrous metal or mechanical devices
        
        what is ferrous metal
        
        any metal that contains iron as its primary component
        
        orthopedic appliances, such as total joints or fixation devices that are non-ferrous, but it can disort image
        
        what does it stand for
        
        Magnetic resonance imaging
      - (MRa)
        
        description
        
        involves the injection of a contrast agent into the area of interest but allows better visualization of small abnormalities
        
        better for what type of tissue
        
        soft tissue
        
        3 examples of when its used
        
        labral tears, bursa, rotator cuff
        
        what does it stand for
        
        Magnetic resonance arthrography
      - (PET)
        
        what does it stand for
        
        Positron emission tomography
        
        description
        
        imaging test that creates 3D pictures of the inside of the body, and uses radioactive substances to detect disease
      - MRI-PET
      - Bone scanning
        
        3 names
        
        radionuclide bone scan, scintigraphy, or scintiscan
        
        description
        
        uses radioactive isotopes to image skeletal system
        
        how are the markers injected
        
        intravenously
        
        what can it help with
        
        determining the cause of bone pain that can't be explained.
        
        how can it do this
        
        from the test being
        sensitive to differences in bone metabolism, which the radioactive tracer highlights in the body
        
        helps to diagnose what bone conditions (6)
        
        Fractures.
        
        Arthritis.
        
        Paget's disease of bone.
        
        Cancer that begins in the bone.
        
        Cancer that has spread to bone from a different site.
        
        Infection of the joints, joint replacements or bones.
      - (DXA) :red_cross:
        
        what does it stand for
        
        Dual-photon absorptiometry
        
        description
        
        measures bone density by passing low- and high-energy X-rays through the body
  - - - Marker of bone formation
    - - osteoblasts to provide a high phosphate concentration at the osteoblast cell surface during bone mineralization
    - - about 40%
      - what specifically are ALPs
        
        enzymes found in various tissues
    - - bone metabolism bc it is sensitive
  - - - Urinary and serum measurements of cross-linked N-terminal telopeptides (NTx)
        
        what is this
        
        a component of collagen that's released during osteoclast bone reabsorption
    - - urine NTx
- - - - description
        
        Injects dye into the joint.
    - - description
        
        Directly visualizes a joint through an arthroscope
    - - abnormal finding in synovial fluid
        
        hemarthrosis
        
        what does this indicate
        
        blood found in the joint capsule
        
        bacteria
        
        what does this indicate
        
        disease of the joint
        
        fragments and tissue
        
        what can this indicate (2)
        
        there's inflammation or wear and tear of the joint
- - - - what does increased levels mean
        
        when mm. are diseased or damaged
        
        why is that
        
        bc creatine kinase is an enzyme in the m., so if they leak into the bloodstream that indicates the m. is damaged
      - what does creatine kinase do
        
        convert creatine into phosphocreatine, which serves as an energy reserve for muscle contraction
    - - description
        
        protein in heart & skeletal m. that plays a role in O2 storage and delivery
        
        what can happen if there is m. damage
        
        myoglobin can be detected in the urine with acute m. damage
    - - description
        
        uses sensitive needle electrodes to record the action potentials of the mm.
      - what can it be used for
        
        helping differentiate muscle diseases from peripheral nerve and neuromuscular junction disorders
        
        what is muscle disease aka
        
        (myopathy)
        
        what is nerve disease aka
        
        (neuropathy)
    - - what is this
        
        a minor surgical procedure that removes a small piece of muscle tissue to diagnose muscle issues
        
        what type of issues (8)
        
        m. atrophy
        
        dermatomyositis
        
        description
        
        m. disease that involves inflammation and a skin rash
        
        Duchenne muscular dystrophy
        
        description
        
        inherited m. disorder
        
        m. inflammation
        
        Various muscular dystrophies
        
        myopathic changes
        
        description
        
        Destruction of the muscle
        
        m. necrosis
        
        necrotizing vasculitis
        
        description
        
        Disorders that involve inflammation of the blood vessels and affect muscles
    - - description
        
        Noninvasive way to gather info on the mechanical characteristics of m.
    - - 4 different techniques
        
        Molecular genetics
        
        description
        
        Identifies specific gene sequences (e.g., ACTN3, ACE, COL1A1) associated with muscle performance, recovery, and injury susceptibility
        
        deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) libraries
        
        description
        
        Used to identify genes expressed in muscle cells under specific conditions
        
        genetic probes
        
        description
        
        can Detect specific mutations or polymorphisms in genes like ACTN3 or ACE that influence muscle traits.
        
        gene localization techniques
        
        description
        
        Locates genes associated with muscle growth, repair, or susceptibility to conditions like muscular dystrophy