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history S1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - the Dawes the Young Plans connected US economy to European countries
      - trade between countries slowed
        
        leaders encouraged populations to buy domestic products to boost employment
        
        all countries increase tariffs to for foreign products
        
        damage worldwide economy
      - France and Britain unwilling to spend money to stop international aggression, they're still recovering from the Great Depression
      - LoN reputation lowered, countries knew LoN was weak in 1930s
      - extremism such as militarism went against LoN aims of disarmament
      - unemployment
      - rearmament
  - - - each founding members had one representative
      - all members had one vote, policy passed only if all countries agree
      - met once a year, decision making is slow
    - - met five times a year
      - smaller organization
      - responses
        
        moral condemnation (disapprove an action)
        
        trade sanctions (boycott on aggressive countries)
        
        military force (raise an army)
      - permanent members use veto powers, which blocked the actions of other members
    - - experts in multiple fileds
      - grew too large & expensive
    - - improve work conditions
    - - well-respected; large experts to the body
      - couldn't enforce decisions
  - - - USA
        
        League is weak without USA (strongest economy & army)
        
        own priorities
        
        idea of Lon unpopular, because it would drag them into European conflicts
        
        maintain its empire
        
        avoid casualties
      - Germany
      - Soviet Union
    - - own priorities: building its empire
      - weakened by WW1
    - - own priorities: the threat of Germany
      - weakened by WW1
  - - - Manchurian Crisis
        
        province of China; agricultural land
        
        invaded by Japan; controlled key areas in Manchuria
        
        Japan wanted the resources in Manchuria, and hope to recover their economy by building an empire; Manchuria contains lots of natural resources and good links to markets in Asia
        
        LoN: no economic or military sanctions were posed; they simply called an investigation of the situation in Manchuria, which took a year and a half
        
        Japan vetoes the League's actions and left LoN
        
        consequences
        
        the League looked weak
        
        slow reaction
        
        Britain & France didn't want to stand up against Japan
        
        Japan was a permanent member of LoN
        
        weak economy
        
        encouraged further aggression: Mussolini & Hitler know the LoN will not stop them
      - Abyssinian Crisis
        
        other countries started rearm, since LoN could not protect them
        
        Italy invaded Abyssinia
        
        Italy wanted to recover economy and the mineral deposits in Abyssinia
        
        LoN posed weak economic sanctions on Italy (GD, rel with M, x USA) without oil, iron or steel. Italy signed the Hoare-Laval pact with France and Britain, giving Italy 2/3 of Abyssinia
        
        the unfair Hoare-Laval pact led to public outrage, highlighting the self-interests of Britain and France as they wanted to protect Britain and France's colonies in East Africa
        
        B&F alliance with Mussolini is more important than protecting Abyssinia and solving disputes
        
        Italy continue to invade
    - - Vilna
        
        Lithuania founded again, Vilna as its capital, but Poland attempted to take Vilna because it had a population advantage over Lithuania
        
        LoN: no changes were made, because Britain & France wanted to maintain a good relationship with Poland
        
        Poland seized Vilna; Lithuania refused to accept the decision
        
        failure; the LoN powers was biased towards Poland
      - Upper Silesia
        
        Upper Silesia is an industrial area rich of coal; before WW1 Upper Silesia was Germany's; ToV gave the region to Poland but many Germans still lived there; both countries contend for the area
        
        LoN created a commission of representations from different countries to study Upper Silesia; Poland eventually got the most industrial zone, while Germany got the rural areas.
        
        Despite peace, both countries are unsatisfied and tension builds
      - Corfu
        
        Italian general was murdered on the Greek side on their way to Greece and Albania. Italy demanded 50 million lira reparations and forcibly took the island of Corfu, a strategic place to invade Greece
        
        LoN: condemned Mussolini; after it failed, the LoN told Greece to pay Italy the compensations
        
        Italy left Corfu
        
        Mussolini bullied the League into giving him what he wanted
        
        it set the standard that other aggressive leader could also manipulate the League by threatening other countries
      - Greek-Bulgarian
        
        Greek soldiers crossed the border of Macedonia and got killed by Bulgarian soldiers. Greece invaded Bulgaria
        
        LoN: demanded Greece to leave Bulgaria immediately and pay 45000 euros to Bulgaria in compensation or they'll receive economic sanctions; biased towards Bulgaria
        
        both countries agreed to withdraw their troops
        
        Greece complained that the League were much kinder to Italy Corfu incident
        
        shows the inconsistencies of the League's rulings
        
        both Corfu and Bulgarian disputes involved the death of a military officer and resulted in an armed invasion of a country, but the League didn't punish Italy for invading Corfu, yet punished Greece for invading Bulgaria
      - Teschen
        
        Poland and Czechoslovakia disputed over Teschen for its coal resources
        
        LoN: bulk of town goes to Poland, while Czech only has one of the Teschen's suburb with valuable coal mines
        
        no violence happened; but Poland and Czech continued to argue
      - Memel
        
        Poland and France wanted to make Memel a free city for trade, but Lithuania disagreed
        
        LoN gave the areas surrounding Memel to Lithuania and set "international ports"
        
        Lithuania agreed, peace achieved
  - - - members are bypassing the League: countries were more worried about achieving their interests rather than embracing co-operation through the League's Assembly; LoN fail
      - France & Britain unwilling to spend money to stop international aggression because of the great depression
    - - could not enforce decisions
      - without USA
        
        USA is the strongest country; the most influential part in economic & military sanctions
        
        USA have the military strength to stand up in Abyssinian or Manchurian crisis
      - after depression, no countries wanted to pose economic sanctions, as it will further degrade their economy
    - - wilson: solve world issues instead of national issues
      - george: should only meet in emergencies
      - clemenceau: should protect France from invasion
    - - Corfu vs Bulgarian to Greece
      - diminishes the League's reputations; weaker countries distrust LoN in peacekeeping
      - League didn't want to antagonise (make other angry and oppose you) countries that are strong enough to start a war
  - - - eg: thousands of people flee their homes; the refugees committee sent 400,000 displaced citizens back to their home country & reduced the amount of refugees dying from diseases; however it lacked funding
      - the health committee eradicated dangerous diseases
      - the international labor organisation collected data and improve health; set minimum wage & trade union
      - slavery commission freed slaves
- - - - ideas
        
        Fourteen Points
        
        moderate punishment on Germany
        
        strengthen democracy in defeated countries
        
        give self-determination to small countries (all national groups have own country)
        
        international cooperation
        
        disarmament to avoid future war
        
        countries discuss issues openly
        
        remove trade tariffs
        
        League of Nations
        
        encourage countries to communicate their problems rather than war
        
        wanted all countries to join
        
        resolve disputes
        
        aim for peace
        
        implement 14 Points
        
        wanted soft treaty and avoid blaming Germany
      - stance: idealistic, peaceful
    - - ideas
        
        wanted harsh treaties
        
        wanted Germany to pay to repair the damages in the Western Front of France (factories & roads destroyed)
        
        gain territories back, like Alsace-Lorraine and Saar Basin
        
        high reparations
        
        Germany disbanding its armed forces
        
        wanted overseas colonies to France
        
        feared future invasion from Germany, because Germany and France shared a border
      - stance: aggressive, uncompromising
    - - stance: realistic, compromising
      - British public hated Germany and wanter revenge
      - ideas
        
        hope to maintain a s strong trading relationship with Germany for European economies
        
        wanted fair treary
        
        weaken Germany's navi to increase Britain's naval supremacy
        
        take Germany's overseas colonies
        
        satisfy the public by adding harsh terms
        
        keep Germany's military strength to avoid spread of communism (all wealth should be shared)
    - - each had different motives and aims
      - each leader had different public pressure
      - Britain and France suffered large (casualties , roads & factories destroyed), wanted severe punishments
      - however, USA didn't suffer much (no fighting on USA, small casualties, loans to Allied countries) , so they didn't want to revenge
  - - - Britain: 750,000 British soldiers died
      - France: artillery and mining caused mass destruction of landscape & millions of soldiers died
  - - - army restricted to 100,000 men, soldiers became unemployed; unable to defend themselves
      - navy restricted to six battleships
      - not allowed to have an air force
      - Rhineland demilitarised, making Germany vulnerable to invasions
    - - Saar given to France (lost coal resources)
      - Alsace-Lorraine back to France
      - the union between Germany and Austria forbidden
      - lost "Polish corridor" gave Poland access to the sea
      - lost all Germany's colonies
    - - not able to join LoN
      - forced to accept 'War Guilt' Clause, Germany responsible for deaths and destruction
      - have go pay reparations of 132 billion gold marks (went nearly bankrupt)
  - - - increase in prices, currency loses its monetary value
      - Government printed more money, attempting to improve the economy, but prices rise rapidly and become out of control
        
        people couldn't afford the cost of living
        
        unemployment
        
        increased support in extremism