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The Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions, improve production efficiency…
The Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions
The Agricultural Revolution
Enclosure Acts
The Parliament passed Enclosure Acts, affecting peasants' land use.
Resulted in land concentration and reduction of peasants' land.
New Tools
Jethro Tull
improved the plow for faster and deeper plowing, increasing soil fertility.
Tull introduced a new seed planting method of "seed drilling", reducing the need for saved seeds and increasing food supply.
19th century: Big agricultural machines appeared.
Results
Increase in land productivity and reclamation of new land.
Population growth and changes in food prices and expenditure.
Changes in the number of farm workers and crop production in England.
New Foods and Demographic Revolution
Introduction of new foods such as
corn
and
potatoes
.
Population growth accelerated after 1650 in countries like England, France, Germany, and Russia.
Improvements in agriculture led to a change in many facets of everyday life.(Easier and earlier marriage)
New Means of Cultivation
Charles Townshend
:
The four-crop rotation
system was proposed and implemented.
Scientific animal breeding was carried out.
Robert Bakewell
was a leading breeder.
Background
About one-third of the land was left
fallow
, leading to the
three-field system
.
Traditional farming methods in Western Europe involved rotating crops like grains and protein-rich crops
Thomas Malthus
: population increased more rapidly than the food supply. (The
necessity
of the Agricultural Revolution)
The Industrial Revolution
Why England?
Financially
, the banking system provided capital support.
Geographically
, being an island with many waterways facilitated transportation.
Economically
, the Agricultural Revolution helped, and landlords invested in coal fields.
Abundant
natural resources
like coal and iron, with few regulations.
Basic Shifts
Machines replaced human labor, coal replaced wood, and new power sources emerged.
The rise of factory production, concentrated in cities or around factories.
New Textile Inventions and Innovations
John Kay: Flying shuttle
James Hargreaves
solved the problem of thread by inventing the
spinning jenny
.
Richard Arkwright: Water frame
Samuel Crompton: "Mule"
Edmund Cartwright: Power loom
Eli Whitney
invented the cotton gin, causing an upsurge in the cotton industry.
Textile industry development, initially dominated by wool, then factory production emerged.
The Transportation Revolution
Development of roads, water transport, and railways.
Improvement in transportation led to a decrease in commodity prices.
Growth in Iron and Steel
The disadvantages of traditional energy>> Abraham Darby created coke, which is used to smelt iron.
Use of coal in iron smelting and increase in iron and steel production.
The Application of Steam Powe
r
Improvements by Thomas Newcomen, James Watt, Richard Trevithick and so on.
Steam power promoted industrial production and transportation.
Development of steam power to solve water pumping problems.
Adam Smith: Economic Theory for the Revolutionary Age
Theories of free market and division of labor.
Smith founded an economic liberal philosophy and create one of the most powerful political movements of the nineteenth century.
Publication of "The Wealth of Nations" in the context of the times.
improve production efficiency