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Central Topic: Psychometric Testing - Coggle Diagram

- - - - History of Psychological Testing: Traces the development of testing from early attempts to measure individual differences to modern test development. Includes developments like the Army Alpha and Beta tests.
- - - - Aptitude Tests: Tests designed to predict future performance in a particular area .
  - - - Nominal Scale: Classifies data into categories with no order.
      - Ordinal Scale: Ranks data, but intervals between ranks may not be equal.
      - Interval Scale: Equal intervals between values but no true zero point.
      - Ratio Scale: Equal intervals between values with a true zero point.
- - - - Test-retest reliability: Consistency of test scores over time.
      - Internal consistency: The extent to which items on a test measure the same construct.
      - Split-half reliability: Correlating two halves of a test.
  - - - Content Validity: The extent to which a test covers the content it is supposed to measure.
      - Criterion-related Validity: The extent to which test scores correlate with an external criterion.
      - Construct Validity: The extent to which a test measures a theoretical construct.
    - - Meaning of Norms: A summary of test results for a large, representative group of subjects, that provides a basis for comparison.
      - Types of Norms
        
        Percentile ranks: Indicate the percentage of scores at or below a certain score.
        
        Standard Scores: Expresses a score's distance from the mean in terms of standard deviation units.
        
        Grade Norms: Indicate the average score for a specific grade level.
        
        **Local Norms:** Norms developed for a specific population or setting.
        
        Subgroup Norms: Norms developed for specific subgroups within the population.
- - - - Test Tryout and Revision: Administering a preliminary version of the test and revising the items based on feedback and data.
  - - - Factor analysis: A statistical technique for identifying whether items are measuring the same thing.
  - - - Standardization sample: The sample used to establish the test's norms.
- - - - Forensic Settings: Used in legal contexts to assess mental state and competence.