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Animal Part 1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - cavity bet mesoderm and endoderm (pseudocoel)
    - - cavity within the mesoderm (coelom)
    - - no body cavity
  - - - front, Back
      - Top, Bottom
  - - - Middle (mesoderm) - skeleton and muscles
      - Inner (endoderm) - digestive organs and intestine
      - Outer (ectoderm) - body covering and nervous system
  - - - presence or absence of internal body cavity
      - org of mouth and anus
      - no of tissue layers
    - - Radial symmetry (e.g., jellyfish
      - Bilateral symmetry (e.g., humans, insects)
      - Asymmetry (e.g., sponges).
- - - - Function as both male and female
      - Most exhibit sequential hermaphroditism:
        Alternate between sexes
  - - - Generate water current and ingest food particles
      - Flagellated collar cells
    - - Totipotent (can differentiate into other cell types)
      - roles: Digestion and skeletal fiber production
      - Found in the mesohyl
- - - - The largest class; most have a spiraled shell, and many are herbivores.
      - Three-quarters of all mollusk species.
      - Move slowly by a rippling motion of the foot or cilia.
      - use a radula (a tongue-like organ) to feed on prey.
    - - 2 part shells drawn by adductor muscles
      - Some have eyes and sensory tentacles on their mantles.
    - - Marine animals with 8 dorsal plates
    - - Active predators with beak-like jaws and tentacles for capturing prey
      - Modified foot forms an excurrent siphon, aiding in movement and respiration
      - squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, and chambered nautiluses
  - - - Feed on soil, extracting nutrients through ingestion
      - Hermaphroditic but engage in cross-fertilization
    - - Some are predators; others are blood-sucking parasites
      - Hirudin is a chemical they secrete to prevent blood coagulation
      - Most live in freshwater, but some are marine or terrestria
    - - Marine worms with parapodia (lateral appendages) and chaetae (bristles)
      - Most are mobile predators or grazers
  - - - trematodes (flukes)
        
        Parasitic (multiple host species for their life cycle : snails, vertebrates)
      - tapeworms
        
        Parasites of vertebrates
        
        Lack a mouth and gastrovascular cavity
        
        Absorb nutrients directly from the host’s intestine
        
        Have a scolex (head) with suckers
        
        hooks for attachment
        
        Reproduce via proglottids (segments containing reproductive organs)
- - - - Sac with a central gastrovascular cavity.
    - - Functions as both mouth and anus.
  - - - Sessile, adheres to a substrate by the aboral end.
      - Tentacles extend upward.
    - - Motile, bell-shaped body with mouth on the underside.
      - Free-swimming, not attached to a substrate. move freely
- - - - All about Anthropods
        
        Exoskeleton must be molted for growth (ecdysis) Made of chitin and protein, provides protection and support.
        
        Sensory Organs: Arthropods have eyes, antennae, and olfactory receptors for touch, smell, and other sensory functions
        
        Jointed Appendages: Allow for a variety of functions, including locomotion, feeding, and defense.
        
        Arthropods have an open circulatory system, where hemolymph (a fluid analogous to blood) circulates through spaces surrounding organs
        
        Segmented body: Divided into distinct regions
        
        Gas Exchange: Specialized structures (such as gills, tracheae, or book lungs) allow for gas exchange
        
        marine, freshwater, terrestrial, and even aerial environments.
      - Major Lineages of Arthropods
        
        Chelicerates
        
        sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, mites, and spiders
        
        Gas exchange in arachnids typically occurs through book lungs (in spiders)
        
        Arachnids (spiders, scorpions, etc.) have six pairs of appendages
        
        Pedipalps (sensory or reproductive functions)
        
        Four pairs of walking legs
        
        Chelicerae (feeding structures)
        
        Many spiders produce silk for creating webs or capturing prey
        
        chelicerae: The first pair of appendages, often modified for feeding.
        
        Myriapods
        
        millipedes: Herbivores that eat decaying plant material. They have two pairs of legs per segmen
        
        centipedes: Carnivores that hunt small animals. They have one pair of legs per segment and possess poison claws to paralyze prey.
        
        Pancrustaceans
        
        Insects
        
        nsects are found in nearly all terrestrial and freshwater environments, and some can fly
        
        flight: Insects evolved flight without sacrificing walking legs, as wings are extensions of the exoskele
        
        hexapoda: The largest group of arthropods, including insects and their relatives
        
        metamorphosis
        
        Incomplete metamorphosis: Nymphs resemble adults but lack wings.
        
        Complete metamorphosis: Involves distinct larval, pupal, and adult stages (e.g., caterpillar to butterfly).
        
        reproduction: Typically sexual, with internal fertilization and eggs often laid on a food source
        
        Crustaceans
        
        Smaller crustaceans exchange gases through their cuticle; larger crustaceans have gills
        
        specialized appendages for feeding, locomotion, and respiration
        
        isopods: Terrestrial and aquatic, including the well-known pill bugs.
        
        marine, freshwater, and terrestrial
        
        decapods: Large crustaceans, such as lobsters, crabs, and shrimp
        
        krill: Important planktonic crustaceans and a food source for large marine animals like baleen whales.
    - - characteristics
        
        Longitudinal body wall muscles produce a thrashing motion, allowing movement
        
        Many are free-living, but some are important parasites of plants and animals
        
        Lack a circulatory system
      - Notable Nematode Species
        
        Trichinella spiralis: A parasitic nematode that humans can acquire from undercooked pork, leading to trichinosis
        
        Caenorhabditis elegans: A model organism in scientific research, particularly in genetics and developmental biology.
      - habitat
        
        Moist plant tissues
        
        Body fluids and tissues of animals
        
        Soil
        
        Aquatic environments (marine and freshwater)
- - - - endoskeleton: An internal skeleton made of hard, calcareous plates, covered by a thin epidermis.
      - Water Vascular System: A unique system of hydraulic canals that branch into tube feet, which are used for locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange. The water vascular system is essential for their movement and interaction with the environment.
      - Radial symmetry (in adults, often pentaradial with five arms or sections)
      - Sexual Reproduction: Most echinoderms have separate sexes, and reproduction is typically external (fertilization occurs in the water)
    - - 5 major groups
        
        Echinoidea (Sea urchins and sand dollars)
        
        Sea urchins have a spherical shape and spiny exteriors, while sand dollars are flattened and have a more circular appearance.
        
        Crinoidea (Sea lilies and feather stars)
        
        Sea lilies are sessile and have long, feathery arms that are used for feeding.
        
        Ophiuroidea (Brittle stars)
        
        Brittle stars have long, thin, flexible arms, unlike sea stars. Their arms are more distinct from the central disk and are used for fast movement.
        
        Holothuroidea (Sea cucumbers)
        
        Sea cucumbers have a cylindrical, elongated body and are typically found on the ocean floor.
        
        They are detritivores, feeding on organic matter in the sediment.
        
        Asteroidea (Sea stars and sea daisies)
        
        sea stars (starfish) are perhaps the most well-known echinoderms. They have five or more arms radiating from a central disk
        
        Sea daisies are a less common group of small, disk-shaped echinoderms
      - Key Features of Echinoderms
        
        Radial Symmetry: Typically evident in adult echinoderms, which exhibit pentaradial symmetry (symmetry around five axes). This is in contrast to their bilateral symmetry during their larval stages
        
        Locomotion and Feeding: The tube feet are powered by the water vascular system, enabling the animal to move, capture food, and perform other functions.
        
        Water Vascular System: The system that uses hydraulic pressure to control movement of tube feet. This system also plays a role in feeding, respiration, and excretion.
        
        Calcareous Endoskeleton: Provides support and protection, made of calcium carbonate.
        
        Sexual Reproduction: External fertilization, typically with males and females releasing gametes into the water.
  - - - Pharyngeal Slits or Pouches: These are openings or pouches along the side of the pharynx. In some animals, they develop into gills; in others, they are involved in feeding or other functions.
      - Post-anal Tail: An extension of the body that extends beyond the anus. In some chordates, this tail is present throughout life, while in others (like humans), it is present only in the embryonic stag
      - Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord: This structure forms the brain and spinal cord in vertebrates.
      - notochord: A flexible, rod-shaped structure that provides support. In vertebrates, it is replaced by the backbone during development.
      - vertebrates: Chordates with a backbone (vertebral column), which protects the spinal cord. Vertebrates include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
  - - - During early development, the embryo divides in a radial pattern, where each new cell is aligned directly over the previous one
    - - In deuterostomes, the first opening that forms during embryonic development becomes the anus, while the mouth forms later.