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France Timeline - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Pushed for tax reform which the nobility and Louis' brother opposed, stopping it in its tracks, leading to Louis firing Turgot
    - - Released state finances in 81 and increased trust to take loans to aid in the American Revolutionary War, while also increasing meritocracy
    - - Didn't begin reforms until 86 when he discovered the 112 million livre deficit; he followed Turgot's reforms and proposed the sale of church land, both strongly opposed by a populace used to his earlier borrowing
    - - Convened on 22nd Feb to discuss Calonne's reforms. Largely supported them but opposed to the method of collection and their permanance
        
        Louis sacked Calonne and appointed the Archbishop of Toulouse, Brienne, as his finance minister, but by then the nobles had turned against Louis, leading to the end of the Assembly on the 25th May
      - 1787-88
        
        Crown continued to push through reform but parlements stood in open opposition and Louis' claims to have complete rule over law were seen as outrageous, leading to increasing calls for an Estates General in May
        
        Led to revolts in Grenoble in June and protests from Brittany and the clergy
        
        France declared bankrupt in august, forcing the estates general
        
        1789 Estates General
        
        Brienne resigns 25 August 1788
        
        Necker recalled by Louis Jan 1789
        
        Estates General summoned 24 Jan 1789
        
        Hadn't been called since 1614
        
        Opened 5 May 1789
        
        4 June Louis' heir dies of TB
        
        17 June Third Estate declares themselves the 'National Assembly' and would singly decide the future of the French constitution
        
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  - - - The Great Fear 20th July-6th August 1789: a period of great violence against land owners, leading to mass emigration of nobles
        
        20,000 Nobles emigrate July-Oct 1789
      - August decrees 4th-11th August
        
        Protects property and promotes equality, but was put in place via violence
        
        All taxes apply equally
      - The Declaration of The Rights of Man and the Citizen 26th August
        
        Defines the peoples rights, promotes free expression and protects property
    - - 5th-6th October 1789, second journee (october days)
        
        c.30,000 women march on Versailles to secure bread and bring Louis to Paris (successful)
      - Reform through the Nat Con Assembly 89-91
        
        Constitutional
        
        Major improvement and increased equalisation for the new bourgeoisie and the 1st and 2nd estates, but the Declaration of the Rights of Man was left out and the Sans-Culottes left unrepresented
        
        Fiscal
        
        Equalisation of taxes - however, uncontrolled bread prices and abolition of strikes, trade unions and guilds upset sans-culotte and peasants, while tax reform and sale of land upset 1st and 2nd
        
        Religious
        
        Increased religious tolerance - incredibly unpopular. Church no longer provide healthcare and education, and are under increasing control of the state (abolition of the tithe), making many fear they lost their chances for heaven
        
        Administrative judicial
        
        New system, while burdensome, was incredibly efficient and promoted equality while working to fix the unemployment issue
      - Rise in dominance of the various political clubs
        
        Jacobin club
        
        Radical revolutionaries
        
        Cordeliers club
        
        Even more radical
        
        Constitutional monarchists and absolute monarchsits
        
        monarchyyyyy
      - Flight to Varennes June 1791
        
        20th June family flee, heavily delayed and are swiftly spotted and captured, just shy of Varennes, where they are detained and marched to Paris by 6000 men and women
        
        Blocked from going to Saint-Cloud on the 18th April, potentially provoking this, along with the Day of Daggers in February
        
        Cordeliers Club makes a rally at the Champs de Mars calling for a true republican revolution
    - - April 1792 France declares war on Austria and Prussia in April
      - 30th September 1791, Robespierre issues self-denying ordinance
        
        No one can get re-elected in the new Legislative Assembly
        
        Makes it significantly more radical
      - 1791-92 build up of war
        
        DETAILED TIMELINE IN ONENOTE
      - 20th June 1792 journee
        
        Louis consistently vetoed key laws, so 8000 demonstrators, though they did nothing
      - 10th August 1792 journee
        
        Louis is arrested, sans-culottes is made incredibly powerful with Robespierre as their figure head
        
        Leads to the establishment of a new Insurrectionary Commune, which would create a new National Convention and revolutionary tribunal and the CS
      - September 1792 - January 1793
        
        September massacres
        
        2nd-7th september around half of Paris' prisoners murdered in an attack on the clergy and nobility (though mainly hitting common criminals
        
        20th September National Convention
        
        First republic government in France
        
        Issue the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and Oath of Loyalty, a huge mistake, forcing people to choose between revolution and faith
        
        December-Jan 1972/3 trial and execution of Louis
        
        Montagnards saw it as an opportunity to cripple the Girondins and gain support
        
        Louis himself was simply untrusted and unloved
    - - 1793 Feb-May
        
        1st Feb war with Britain, soon followed by the Netherlands
        
        February - National Guard deployed to control Parisian riots
        
        24th Feb 300,000 men levied
        
        10 March rev tribunal established
        
        11 March Vendee uprising
        
        12 March Saint-Florent-Le-Viel seized by peassants, 45k nat guard deployed
        
        18 March French defeated at the Battle of Neerwinden - general Dumouriez soon defects to the Austrians
        
        19 March rebels win at Saint-Vincent-Sterlanges
        
        6 April CPS established
        
        1st May 8000 sans-culottes force action on bread prices by surrounding the Convention
        
        May - rebel victories draw 30,000 men from the frontlines
      - 1793 May-Dec
        
        26 May Robespierre called for sans-culottes to rise up against the Girondins
        
        2nd June 80,000 Nat Guard and sans-culottes surround convention, calling for arrests of the Girondins, price caps and a sans-culottes army
        
        5th June Georges Couthon proposed a vote to arrest 29 Girondins deputies
        
        13th June Charlotte Corday assassinated Marat, making him a martyr
        
        Spring-autumn anti-Jacobin and Parisian riots across France (federalist revolt), particularly in Bordeaux, Marseilles, Lyon and Toulon
        
        Lyon only capitulated on 9th October
        
        23 August levee en masse declared
        
        Conscription 18-25, metal confiscated for cannons, state munition factories established
        
        September - Law of Suspects passed, allowing near anyone to be imprisoned
        
        3rd-31st Oct, trial of Brissot (and 21 other Girondins) and summary execution
        
        December - Law of Frimaire passed, granting large amounts of power to the CPS
        
        1794 Jan-July
        
        March 1974 established the GPB (police) effectively under Robespierre
        
        10 June Law of Prairial made a defence hearing unnecessary during a trial
        
        5 April Dantons and followers executed after calling out against the terror, effectively becoming martyrs
        
        26th-28th July Coup of Thermidor
        
        26th Robespierre declares he has a list of traitors, refusing to say who, so the Nat Con turn on him
        
        27th Robespierre and his followers are arrested but not imprisoned out of fear, instead going to the Hotel de Ville and calling for Nat Guard reinforcements
        
        Only 17 of 48 sections come, and even they drift away
        
        28th Hotel de Ville is stormed by the convention, RPs jaw is shot off, possibly by himself, and he and his followers are executed by Guillotine
      - 1794-99
        
        1794-August 1795
        
        White terror begins - royalist and anti-Jacobin riots led in many places by the Gilded Youth
        
        Targeted jacobins, including those imprisoned - 100 dead in Marseilles' prison, 2,000 overall (estimates Pearson)
        
        The Plain dominates government, along with the remaining Girondins
        
        Some neo-Jacobin and royalist threat
        
        December 1794 price controls abolished
        
        The following failed harvests hit hard, with that winter leading to famine and fuel costs skyrocketing
        
        No poor relief from the church or parlements as they no longer exist
        
        20% of Parisians relying on food relief
        
        Death rate in Rouen doubled in 1794 and tripled in 1795 from what it usually was
        
        1st April 1795 Rising of Germinal, 10,000 march on the convention demanding bread
        
        Peaceful, dispersed by Nat Guard
        
        Sporadic violence through spring demanding bread
        
        20th-22nd May Rising of Prairial, 20,000 protest food shortages, led by women and backed by Nat Guard
        
        1795 Constitution, 22nd August
        
        Attempted to avoid extremism on either side and guard against dictatorship like the CPS
        
        In a referendum, passed 916,000 to 42,000, though over 4 million didn't vote
        
        1795-1797
        
        Economy
        
        Attempt to deal with inflation by replacing paper assignat with paper mandate, but valued against assignat so fell rapidly
        
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        Attempted to deal with state debt by declaring bankruptcy, paying off remaining debts with state bonds that could buy biens nationaux
        
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        Tax reform - no stable tax system, instead a series of indirect taxes and a land tax that was half assignat, half grain and not well monitored
        
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        Political pressures
        
        Vendemaire, 5th October - 25,000 gather in Paris to seize power, greatly outnumbering gov forces
        
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        Radical journalist Babeuf - opposed the policies of the Directory, arguing them to be purely protecting the Bourgeoisie, though he only had a small following, with 500 subscribers to his 'Le Tribun de peuple'
        
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        Fructidor 1797 - the constitutional monarchist party led by Antione d'Andre argued for the relaxation of laws against emigres and refractory priests, along with peace for France
        
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        Verona declaration 24 June 1795
        
        Louis XVIII declares himself King of France and calls for the return to absolute monarchy and a Catholic church
        
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        Use of military
        
        Chouannerie 1794-6
        
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        Quiberon Bay 28th June 1795
        
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        War in the Low Countries 1794-5
        
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        Italian Campaign 1796-7
        
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        Egyptian Campaign 1798-1801
        
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        Brumaire 1799
        
        Napoleon leads a coup, supported by his brother Lucien and directors Sieyes and Ducos
        
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