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TMA02 - Depression, an introduction - Coggle Diagram

- - - - depressed mood most of day, most days. Hopeless, sad, empty
      - Diminished interest or pleasure
      - weight loss or gain (>5%/month), decreased or increased appetite
      - insomnia or hypersomnia
      - psychomotor agitation or retardation observable by others
      - fatigue/loss of energy
      - feelings of worthlessness or excessive/inappropriate guilt
      - diminished ability to think or concentrate, indecisiveness
      - recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation with or without specific suicide plans
- - - - Biological Models
        
        monoamine hypothesis - popular in 60s/70s, deficiency in monoamine neurotransmittersavailable in synapses (e.g. seratonin) caused depression symptoms.
        
        Intervention: antidepressant medication
        
        neuro-endocrine hypothesis - disturbances in hormone production, especially in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) connecting nervous system to endocrine system - abnormal adaptation to chronic stress can result in persistently high levels of cortisol in bloodstream, reducing neurotransmitter levels and impeding memory and learning.
      - Psychological Models
        
        Beck's cognitive model (CBT) - Early experience > formation of dysfunctional belief > critical incident > beliefs activated > negative automatic thoughts > symptoms of depression
        In this model depression is an exaggerated form of normal emotional responses such as sadness. In depression the content of a persons thoughts is dominated by negative views of themselves, their world, and their future (negative cognitive triad)
      - Social Models
        
        Brown & Harris 'Social origins of depression: a study of psychiatric disorder in women' - social factors are often interlinked (unemployment, low socio-economic status, poor housing). Found 9/10 subjects who developed depression reported serious adversity/negative life events, as opposed to only 1/10 of those who did not develop depression. Vulnerability factors hugely influenced outcomes(3+ children <14, no paid employment, lack of confiding relationship, loss of own mother <11)
        
        Life events catagorised as 'humiliation' or 'entrapment' particually associated with development of depression
      - biopsychosocial models
        
        Depression is affected by biological, psychological and social factors. Stress-vulnerability model, combination of stress load and vulnarability factors. Twin studies suggest that vulnerability to depression has a genetic element
    - - Friendship Bench (week 7, 6.1 https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=2340644&section=8.1)
- - - - Normal sadness
      - negative mood states, which can be a symptom occurring in a range of illnesses
      - A disgnosis indicating that a cluster of symptoms are occurring together, affecting mood, thoughts, feelings and behaviours