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Plant Part 2 - Coggle Diagram
Plant Part 2
Threads
Destruction of habitat
Tropics 63000km2 cleared yearly
remaining tropical forests
remaining tropical forests
loss of the animal species that plants support.
Products from Seed Plants
80% of calories
wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes
Modern crops: genetic change (artificial selection)
flowering plants
tea, coffee, chocolate, and spices
wood
medicine
Seeds and pollen grains
(key adaptations for life on land)
Ovules and Production of Eggs
Gymnosperm
one integument
Angiosperm
two integuments
Ouvle
Pollen and Production of Sperm
Pollen: a male gametophyte enclosed within the pollen wall
Pollination:
Heterospory: The Rule Among Seed Plants
Megasporangia
produce megaspores
give rise to female gametophytes
develop on modified leaves called megasporophylls
Microsporangia
produce microspores
give rise to male gametophytes
develop on microsporophylls.
The Advantage of Seeds
sperm fertilizes the egg >> ovule becomes seed
A seed: sporophyte embryo
(food supply, packed in protective coat)
Supply of stored food
Dromant for days to years, until favorable condition for germination
Transported lond distance by animals and wind
Gymnosperms: “naked” seeds
seeds: sporophylls: cones
conifers
Angiosperm seeds: in fruits with matured ovaries
Food for Herbi dinosaurs/ pollinated by insects
Gymnosperm Diversity
Ginkgophyte (Ginkgo biloba)
flagellated sperm
High tolerance to air pollution
Ornamental tree
Cycadophyta (Cycads) Mesozoic
large cones and palm like leaves
flagellated sperm
Gnetophyta (Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia)
Vary in appearance
Tropical & desert
Coniferophyta (conifers: pine, fir, red wood) northern hemisphere
Largest of the gymnosperm phyla
woody cones/ fleshy cones
evergreen/ carry out photosynthesis all year round
Life Cycle of Pine tree (Sporophyte)
produces sporangia in male and female cones.
Pollen cones: modified leaves (microsporophylls) >> microsporangia
meiosis:
Features of the gymnosperm life cycle
miniaturization of their gametophytes
production of seeds/ a dispersible stage
transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen
Angiosperms Anthrophyta
Flowers
Stamens (Male)
Filament (Stalk)
Anther (Sac)
Carpels (Female)
ovary
the base
style
a sticky stigma
stigma
pollen is received
Petals
brightly colored: attract pollinators
ack brightly colored parts: wind-pollinated flowers
Pistil
a single carpel or two or more fused carpels
Sepals
enclose the flower
Fruits
protect seeds and aid in their dispersal
Mature : fleshy or dry
the ovary wall thickens and matures
Seed dispersal: wind, water, or animals
Evolutionary Links with Animals
Angiosperm Diversity
Monocot
Orchids/ grasses/ Palm
Dicot
Basal Angiosperm 100
Flowering plants
3 small linage: water lilies, star anise, Amborella trichopoda
Magnoliids8000
share some traits with basal angiosperms
woody and herbaceous plants
monocot & eudicot than basal
Eudicots: 2?3 of angiosperms 17000
legume facially, rose family