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Earth - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Close to the core
        
        Pressure locks the molecules in
        
        Makes the mantle rigid
        
        Harder & stronger zone
    - - Close to the surface
        
        Rock becomes cool & more brittle
    - - Closer to the surface
        
        Lower pressure allows the hot mantle to flow
        
        Ductile zone
  - - - Softens the mantle
        
        Makes it behave like a Silly Putty, which material is hard & elastic
        
        Can crack but is also ductile (can deform and flow very slowly)
- - - - Explosive (Phreatomagmatic) eruptions
        
        The thick viscous lava & ash build up in layers around the volcanic vent
        
        Forms cone shaped stratovolcanoes/composite volcaones (Steep & high)
        
        Blasts the magma apart
        
        Shatters & cools
        
        Forms volcanic ash
      - Basalts contain much higher amounts of silica/silicon dioxide
        
        Lava has a much lighter colour & very different properties
        
        Silica rich rocks produce much more viscous lava when melted
        
        Thick & syrupy
        
        Bubbles are trapped inside
        
        Much harder for gases to escape
        
        Pressure of the gases gradually builds up until the magma reaches breaking point
        
        Volcanoes erupt far less frequently
  - - - Flows easily like water
        
        Gentle (Effusive) eruptions
        
        Forms shallowly & wide sloping shield volcanoes
  - - - Lava melts & boils the ice on contact
        
        Water vapour bubbles become trapped in the cooling lava (Bubbles explode as the gas escapes)
- - - - Not as hot as the inner core
        
        Rock softens and melts
    - - Less pressure pushing in on the molecules & locking them together
        
        Metal can melt
        
        Liquid
    - - Some liquid cools
        
        Changes from liquid to solid
  - - - Molecules get locked together
        
        Solid
        
        Compressed
        
        Twice as heavy & Twice as dense as any iron/nickel found on the surface.
    - - Radius: 1,220km
        
        About 70% the size of the moon
    - - Meteorites melt below 1,600°C
    - - Hotter than the sun's surface
- - - - This molten rock that reaches the surface is called lava
        
        When lava cools & solidifies, it creates basalt
        
        About 90% of Iceland is made of basalt that has built up over millions of years of volcanic eruptions
        
        Lava is very runny
        
        Lava erupts out of the ground in fountains
        
        Lava flows in streams of molten rock
        
        Lava flows & spreads out over the surface of the volcano
        
        Builds up gradually in layers (as basalt) after each eruption