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Separating Liquids - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Single spot
        
        Sample X is a pure substance
      - 2 or more spots
        
        Substance X is a mixture
      - Smudge
        
        Too much sample X is placed on the starting line
      - Sample remains on the starting line
        
        Sample X does not dissolves in the solvent
      - Different distance travelled
        
        Substance M and N have different solubility in the same solvent
      - Complete matching of spots in the same solvent
        
        Substance X and Y are identical
      - Partial matching of spots in the same solvent
        
        Substance X and Y are not identical
      - A sample which is made up of other samples
        
        Substance X contains substance Y and Z
      - Procedure
        
        a small amount of concentrated sample is placed on the starting line of a chromatographic paper
        
        the chromatographic paper is placed inside a beaker containing a solvent.
        
        as the solvent moves up the paper, it separates the sample into its respective components.
        
        the chromatographic paper is removed before the solvent reaches the edge of the other end of the paper.
      - Precautions :
        
        draw the starting line with a pencil and not a pen. The starting line is the location where a sample is placed.
        
        a pencil is a element , so it is not made of dyes and will not be separated by the solvent to interfere the results.
        
        ink is made up of dyes which can dissolve in the solvent and interfere the results.
        
        use fine capillary tubes to place a small and concentrated sample on the paper.
        
        this prevents the overlapping of components so that a clear and distinct lines or spots can be obtained.
        
        the solvent should be below the starting line.
        
        this prevents the sample from dissolving into the solvent so that it can travel up the paper
        
        the solvent front should be as high as possible. the solvent front is the line in which the solvent travels furthest up the chromatographic paper.
        
        it ensures that the components in a sample are fully separated.
      - usefulness of chromatography :
        
        it is used to identify the contents of a mixture .
        
        it is used to test the purity of a substance
      - the advantages of using chromatography :
        
        only a small amount of sample is required
        
        it gives a fast and an accurate analysis of a sample
        
        it is able to separate complex mixtures such as food dyes
      - application of chromatography in daily lives :
        
        in food industries, it is used to analyse the safety levels of food sample. for example, chromatography is used to check the amount of pesticides on vegetables to ensure that they do not exceed the safety levels.
        
        it is used to identify pollutants present in water.
    - - Separating a liquid from a solid-liquid mixture